Chapter 2 Flashcards
Define phonological development
Acquiring the rules of language that govern the sound structure of syllables and words
What are minimal pairs?
Words that differ by only one phoneme
What are phonotactic rules?
The rules that specify the order of sounds in syllables and words and the places where certain phonemes can and cannot occur
How do infants segment words as they learn them?
They use phonotactic and prosodic cues
Do vowels or consonants develop first?
Vowels
Phonological knowledge and production allow for intelligible speech by age…?
3-4
What is phonological awareness?
The ability to attend to phonological units of speech
What is functional load?
The importance of a phoneme in the phonemic inventory of the language
What is the first grammatical morpheme developed, and at what age?
The progressive “-ing” at age 2
AAE
African American English
GAE
General American English
What is a hallmark feature of SLI?
Difficulty with grammatical morphology… children with SLI use “-ing” with only 25% accuracy
What is very important in estimating syntactic development?
Mean length of utterance (MLU)
What are the three sentence modalities?
Declarative, negative, and interogative
By what age should children have mastered declarative sentences?
3 years old
By what age should children have mastered negative sentences?
4 years old
By what age should children have mastered interrogative sentences?
Preschool age
What is a phrase?
A cluster of words organized around a head
What is a clause?
A syntactic structure containing a verb or verb phrase
What is child-directed speech?
Talk directed at children by others
What is receptive lexicon?
The volume of words a person understands
What is expressive lexicon?
The volume of words a person uses
What are the five semantic categories?
Specific nominals (poodle), general nominals (dog), action words, modifiers, and personal-social words
Define lead-in
An adult labels an object or event outside of the child’s attentional focus
Define follow-in
An adult labels an object or event that is the child’s current focus or attention
Ostensive word-learning contexts provide…?
Lots of contextual information about a new word
Nonostensive word-learning contexts provide…?
Little information to help derive the meaning of a new word
Activation of specific entries spreads across the network according to connection strength
Spreading activation
How does socioeconomic status affect language development?
Exposure to fewer words
What are the three important aspects of pragmatic development?
Using language for different communication functions, developing conversational skills, and gaining sensitivity to extralinguistic cues
What is the intentionality hypothesis?
That children’s experiences using language to engage with other people fosters their development of form and content
The building blocks of cognition
Schema: internal representations of the organizational structures of events
What is register?
The stylistic variations in language that occur in different situational contexts (home vs work)
Children who can readily switch between dialects have…?
Heightened phonological awareness
What is joint attention?
When two people pay attention to the same thing
What are the different communication functions?
Instrumental: asking for something
Regulatory: giving directions
Interactional: interacting socially
Personal: expressing state of mind or feelings
Heuristic: inquiring and finding out information
Imaginative: telling stories and role-playing
Informative: giving organized descriptions
