Chapter 4

Question 1

What does debriefing with participants mean

Answer 1

• carefully informed about the study’s hypotheses

Question 2

What 3 main principles for guiding ethical decision making does the Belmont Report outline?

Answer 2

1) respect for persons
2) beneficence
3) justice

Question 3

Belmont Report

what is the principle of respect for persons?

Answer 3

• participants should have automony (can decide when to back out and what to participate in)
• good informed consent (told about the study and given time to weigh the risks and benefits, then they can decide)

Question 4

What can’t researchers do when obtaining informed consent?

Answer 4

• mislead participants about the risks and benefits
• can’t coerce (imply something bad will happen if they don’t participate) or undue influence (offering an incentive)

Question 5

Belmont Report

what is the principle of beneficence?

Answer 5

• researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and ensure their well-being
• consider the community (benefit or harm)

Question 6

anonymous study

Answer 6

• researchers do not collect personal information

Question 7

confidential study

Answer 7

• researchers collect some personal info but keep it confidential

Question 8

Belmont Report

what is the principle of justice?

Answer 8

• fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it
• ex. can’t harm participants for others’ gain
• representative of the people who would benefit from the study’s conculsions

Question 9

What are the 5 APA ethical principles?

Answer 9

1) beneficence and nonmaleficence
2) fidelity and responsibility
3) integrity
4) justice
5) respect for people’s rights and dignity

Question 10

5 APA ethical principles

beneficence and nonmaleficence

Answer 10

• treat people in ways that benefit them
• don’t cause suffering
• conduct research that will benefit society
• protect personal information

Question 11

5 APA ethical principles

fidelity and responsibility

Answer 11

• establish relationships of trust
• accept responsibility for professional behaviour

Question 12

5 APA ethical principles

integrity

Answer 12

• strive for accuracy
• truth
• honesty

Question 13

5 APA ethical principles

justice

Answer 13

• treat all groups fairly
• sample research from the same populations that will benefit from that research
• be aware of biases

Question 14

5 APA ethical principles

respect for people’s rights and dignity

Answer 14

• respect autonomy
• protect rights
• understand that some people/communities may be less able to give/understand informed consent
• ensure there is no coercion

Question 15

APA ethical standards

what is an institutional review board (IRB)?

Answer 15

• commitee
• interprets ethical principles
• ensures research will be done ethically
• meets in person to discuss if a study may be a risk or uses human participants

Question 16

APA ethical standards

what is informed consent?

Answer 16

• researcher’s obligation to explain the study to potential participants in everyday language and give them a chance to decide whether to participate
• usually a written document that outlines the procedures, risks, and potential benefits

Question 17

APA ethical standards

deception

through omission and commission

Answer 17

• withholding some details of a study from participants (omission) or the act of actively lying to them (commission)
• when deception is necessary, researchers must debrief with participants afterward

Question 18

disinterestedness

Answer 18

• scientists should not be personally invested in whether their hypotheses are supported by data
• report the truth and accept what the data says no matter what

Question 19

consequential view

Answer 19

cost/benefit analysis of the study’s proposed methods

Question 20

deontological view

Answer 20

• use morals to evaluate ethical merit of a study
• if it harms a participant, they won’t allow it - no matter how much they could gain from doing the study

Question 21

tri-council core principles

Answer 21

• concern for wellfare
• respect for persons
• justice

Question 22

3 R’s for animal testing

Answer 22

• reduce (research designs should require the fewest amount of animals possible)
• refine (modify everything to minimize possible distress)
• replace (find alternatives when possible)