Chapter 4

Question 1

What enzymes break down starch and fat?

Answer 1

Amylase and lipase enzymes.

Question 2

What is a bolus?

Answer 2

Swallowed mass of food.

Question 3

What are the 6 flavors our taste buds taste?

Answer 3

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, fatty, and umami.

Question 4

What is the epiglottis?

Answer 4

Flap that folds down over larynx when you swallow.

Question 5

What is the esophagus?

Answer 5

Tube connecting pharynx to stomach.

Question 6

What is the valve that closes to prevent backflow of hydrochloric acid (HCI) from stomach (reflux)?

Answer 6

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Question 7

What is gastric juice?

Answer 7

Contains water, (HCI), and pepsin enzymes (pepsin breaks down proteins).

Question 8

What is gastric juice?

Answer 8

Contains water, (HCI), and pepsin enzymes (pepsin breaks down proteins).

Question 9

What is chyme?

Answer 9

Gastric juice and partially digested food.

Question 10

What lubricates and protects the stomach?

Answer 10

Mucus

Question 11

What is the hormone that stimulates digestion?

Answer 11

Gastrin.

Question 12

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 12

Exit valve from stomach to intestines, releasing 1 tsp of chyme every 30 seconds.

Question 13

Is the GI tract smooth?

Answer 13

No, has circular folds for more surface area to digest. As well as villi and microvilli.

Question 14

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

Answer 14

Duodenum (shortest)
Jejunum (most digestion done here)
Ileum (longest, not much left behind)

Question 15

What is segmentation?

Answer 15

Peristalsis, mixes chyme back and forth for absorption.

Question 16

What is the absorption rate of nutrients?

Answer 16

92%-97%

Question 17

After digestion, what are the two transport systems that nutrients go?

Answer 17

Two transport systems:

circulatory system (blood and is water soluble to go everywhere.

Lymphatic system (fat soluble and is very picky more complex doesn’t go everywhere)

Question 18

What decides where nutrients go, like processing mail at the post office?

Answer 18

The liver through the hepatic portal vein.

Question 19

Peter’s patches help with what, and what do they create?

Answer 19

Immunity and create antibodies.

Question 20

What are the 4 things the liver does?

Answer 20

1. Produces bile/stores fat
2. Metabolizes nutrients
3. Stores nutrients (A, B12, D, E; copper, iron, glycogen- glucose storage form)
4. Detoxifies alcohols and other toxins

Question 21

What does the gallbladder do?

Answer 21

Concentrates and stores bile.

Question 22

What are the 3 things the pancreas produces?

Answer 22

1. Hormones
2. Enzymes for breaking down
3. Bicarbonate for neutralizing stomach acid

Question 23

What are the two “——crines” of the pancreas?

Answer 23

1. Endocrine: produces hormones into bloodstream to regulate blood sugar. Insulin lowers boood sugar in blood, glucagon raises it *while sleep, etc.
2. Exocrine: secretes enzymes into the duodenum to help break down food. Regulated by nerves and gastrointestinal hormones.

Question 24

What are the 4 movements stool moves through in the large intestine?

Answer 24

Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, colon, and rectum

Question 25

Anus is controlled by what two sphincters?

Answer 25

Internal and external

Question 26

What does the large intestine absorb?

Answer 26

Water, electrolytes (minerals: potassium, sodium, chloride), and bacteria in the microbiome or “gut”.

Question 27

What 3 things does the microbiome produce?

Answer 27

1. Vitamin K
2. Biotin
3. Thiamine

Question 28

What causes intestinal dysbiosis?

Answer 28

Starvation, antibiotic use, and stress.

Question 29

Fiber and nutrients are metabolized or fermented where?

Answer 29

Gut microbiota. Increased fiber increases gas.

Question 30

What causes constipation and what can this chronically lead to and what can help decrease constipation?

Answer 30

Lack of fiber, fluids and increased anxiety. May lead to inflamed hemorrhoids or diverticulitis (bulges in intestines). Increased fiber may help.

Question 31

What causes diarrhea, how to treat it and who are more prone to it?

Answer 31

Bacterial or viral infections. Fluid and electrolytes help avoid solids, and infants and older adults.

Question 32

Occasional gastroesophageal reflux is called?

Answer 32

Heartburn

Question 33

Frequent or chronic reflux is called?

Answer 33

GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Question 34

What causes ulcers in a peptic stomach, what doesn’t, and what is its treatment ?

Answer 34

Caused by Heliobacter pylori- smoking, heavy alcohol, use of NSAIDs like advil. Stress and diet are not related. Antibiotics are used to treat.

Question 35

IBS has a diagnostic exclusion why?

Answer 35

IBS is a syndrome not a disease so it’s still unknown what causes it. Could be a pain signal, Low FODMAP diet for a short time can help decrease gas in the gut.

Question 36

Why does a Low FODMAP diet help?

Answer 36

Decreasing these foods helps with gas in stomach because the carbs and sugars are harder to digest.

Question 37

What is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths among adults in the U.S?

Answer 37

Colorectal cancer developed in the colon or rectum from poor diet, smoking, and other digestive issues.

Question 38

Difference between Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD): Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD)?

Answer 38

Ulcerative is formation of ulcers in the inner lining of the large intestine. Crohn’s disease can affect the entire G.I. tract, including the mouth.