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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two tenets of the cell theory?

A
  • modern cell theory
    o the cell is the simplest unit of life
    o all cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

What is the function of membrane bound organelles?

A
  • Enclosed by phospholipid bilayer
  • Separates cytosol
    o Ex: endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria
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3
Q

What is the function of a non membrane bound organelle?

A
  • NOT enclosed in the membrane
  • Composed of protein
    o Ex: Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, inclusions
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4
Q

What is the role of a proteasome?

A

It is a barrel shaped structure, primarily made of protein. It’s function is to tag and digest damaged or old proteins. (disposal unit)

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell (plasma) membrane and what is it composed of?

A

Plasma membrane forms outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from external environment
Composed:
- phospholipids cholesterol, glycolipids

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6
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?

A

Strengthens cell membrane
Stabilizes against temperature extremes

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7
Q

What are the transmembrane proteins?

A

Integral Proteins
- Transport Proteins
- Cell Surface Receptors
-Identity Markers
-Enzymes
-Anchoring Sites
- Cell Adhesion Proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of integral proteins?

A
  • embedded in and extend across phospholipid bilayer
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9
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins?

A
  • NOT in the phospholipid bilayer
  • Attached to external surface of the bilayer
  • Provides support, communication, and enzyme function
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10
Q

What are the three types of cell membrane extensions?

A

Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella

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11
Q

What is the function of microvilli and where in the body can you find it?

A

small protection that increases surface are and used for absorption

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12
Q

What is the function of cilia and where in the body can you find it?

A

larger protection that has active motion and moves substances along its surface

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13
Q

What is the function of flagella and where in the body can you find it?

A

largest projections that are found only in male sperm cells

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14
Q

What are the two categories of plasma membrane transport? Which one does not require energy?

A

Passive Transport - does NOT require energy
Active Transport - requires energy

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15
Q

What is the function of Passive Transport?

A
  • does not require energy
  • moves substances down concentration gradient
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16
Q

What is the function of Active Transport?

A
  • requires energy
  • moves substances up concentration gradient
17
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • net movement of particles from area of high concentration to low
  • requires ATP
18
Q

What is the function of osmosis?

A
  • flow of water from one side of selective permeable membrane to other
19
Q

What is facilitated diffusion and an example?

A
  • transport process for small charged or polar solutes requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins.
20
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A
  • fluid inside cell has a higher concentration of solutes than fluid outside of the cell
  • water then moves down gradient from outside to inside
  • cells absorb water, swell, and may burst
21
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A
  • inside cell has lower concentration of solutes than outside cell
  • water moves outside of cell
  • cell loses water and shrivels (crenate)
22
Q

What happens to a cell in a isotonic solution?

A
  • concentrations in cells and ICF are the same
  • no changes in shape or volume of cell. normal saline
23
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires ATP (battery of the cell)
- through “pumps” or “carriers” in cells outer membrane, the pumps serve as gates with motos. they help push molecules from one side of the membrane to the other, even if it’s against natural flow.

24
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A
  • Ex: Sodium potassium pump keeps K+ concentration higher inside cell
  • Ex: Pump Na+ out of cell
25
Q

What is primary active transport?

A
  • Uses energy from ATP
  • Phosphorylation of carrier proteins occurs
  • ATP breakdown -> phosphate group added to transport chain
  • changes protein shape and results in movement of substances across the membrane
26
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • uses energy from primary active transport
  • moves substances against concentration gradient
  • 2 types of transport
    o symport: two substances move in the same direction (symporters)
    o antiport: two substances move in opposite directions (antiporters)
27
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

bringing large substances from outside the cell to inside (active transport)

28
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

large substances being removed from the cell (active transport)

29
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

cellular drinking (active transport)

30
Q

What does the Central Dogma of Biology state?

A

DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein.

31
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A
  • copies instructions from DNA to mRNA
  • occurs in the nucleus
    -RNA polymerase required
32
Q

What is the process of translation?

A
  • Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm/rER)
  • Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chains
    -Uses RNA for synthesis of a new protein by ribosomes in cytosol (tRNA required)
    -primary structure of protein is created
33
Q

What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

A

o Channel-mediated diffusion – ions move through
§ Leak Channels – always open
§ Gated Channels – usually closed until stimulated to open
o Carrier Mediated Diffusion – small polar molecules move through (glucose)

34
Q

What is the function of transport proteins?

A

regulate movement of substances across membrane (channels, carriers, pumps, symporters, antiporters)

35
Q

What is the function of cell surface receptors?

A

bind molecules called ligands

36
Q

What is the function of identity markers?

A

Communicate to other cells that they belong to the body

37
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

Catalyze chemical reactions (attached internally or externally on surface of cell)

38
Q

What is the function of cell adhesion proteins?

A

perform cell-to-cell attachments

39
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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