Chapter 2

Question 1

Polar Bond

Answer 1

Unequal sharing of electrons due to significantly different electronegativities

Question 2

Nonpolar Bonds

Answer 2

Shared electrons spend equal amounts of time around each nucleus
Atoms with similar electronegativities

Question 3

Covalent Bond

Answer 3

A sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

Question 4

Ionic bonds

Answer 4

Occurs when two atoms with vastly different electronegativities come together
Atoms have either positive(cation) or negative(anion) charges
Cations and anions attract each other and form ionic bonds ( no electrons shared)

Question 5

Electronegativity

Answer 5

Attraction of atom for electrons

Question 6

Anion

Answer 6

Negatively charged ion

Question 7

Molecule

Answer 7

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Question 8

pH

Answer 8

Measure of the amount of free hydrogen ion in a solution

Question 9

Organic

Answer 9

Macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 10

Atomic Number

Answer 10

Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus

Question 10

Atomic Mass

Answer 10

Sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 11

Valence Shell

Answer 11

The outermost occupied electron shell of an atom

Question 12

Inorganic

Answer 12

A compound that does not contain carbon and hydrogen

Question 13

Cation

Answer 13

Positively charged ion

Question 14

Ion

Answer 14

Charged atom or molecule (positive or negative)

Question 15

Reactive Atoms

Answer 15

If an atom has a incomplete valence shell it would be more reactive, it will have to gain or lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell

Question 16

Inert Reaction

Answer 16

The valence shell is full making the atom non reactive. A stable atom, it will not gain or lose any electrons.

Question 17

Decomposition Reaction

Answer 17

when a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances

Question 18

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 18

“combination reaction”, this takes place when two or more simple substances combine and form a complex product

Question 19

Exchange Reaction

Answer 19

“displacement or double replacement” reactions, the exchange of ions between two compounds and creates new compounds.

Question 20

Catabolic Reaction

Answer 20

breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, often releasing energy in the process (exothermic)

Question 21

Anabolic Reaction

Answer 21

building up molecules from simpler ones, this requires energy (endothermic)

Question 22

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 22

an anabolic reaction where two molecules combine to create a larger molecule with the release of water

Question 23

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 23

a compound that breaks by adding water

Question 24

Number scale of pH

Answer 24

The scale ranges from 0-14, where neutral pH is at 7.35-7.45, if a solution ranges from 0-7.34 it is considered acidic, if a solution ranges from 7.46-14 it is considered basic

Question 25

What is the function of bicarbonate buffer system, how does it maintain pH value of blood

Answer 25

The buffer system maintains blood pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases

Question 26

What are the various lipids found in the body?

Answer 26

Fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

Question 27

How do triglycerides and glycogen break down, where are they stored?

Answer 27

Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.
- broken down through a process called lipolysis, releasing fatty acids and glycerol.
Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscle cells.
- broken down into glucose (glycogenolysis) units when needed for energy, with the liver playing the key role in maintaining blood sugar levels.

Question 28

Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers) of ________. What is the difference between one amino acid and another?

Answer 28

proteins, the difference is their “R” group

Question 29

Primary Structure of Protein

Answer 29

Sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes

Question 30

Secondary Structure of Protein

Answer 30

coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds, creating an Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet

Question 31

Tertiary Structure of Protein

Answer 31

further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes

Question 32

Quaternary Structure of Protein

Answer 32

Associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains – functional protein.

Question 33

Denaturation

Answer 33

loss of shape and function, due to heat or pH of a protein.

Question 34

What is the difference in structure and function of DNA and RNA molecules?

Answer 34

DNA – Determines inheritance, double stranded
RNA – Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis, single stranded