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Foundations > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Newborn Genetic Contribution to Cognitive Function

A

Activation of cortical areas-

Lower brain: basic bodily functioning (breathing) activates.

Cerebellum and basal ganglia: reflexive movements

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2
Q

2 month old Genetic Contribution to Cognitive Function

A

The motor cortex becomes more active

More control of volitional or voluntary motor behaviors

Many reflexive patterns disappear

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3
Q

3 month of age Genetic Contribution to Cognitive Function

A

The visual cortex becomes more active

Child gains a full-range focus

Focus on things close in or far distant.

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4
Q

Early Cognitive Development

A

Humans actively contribute to their own cognitive growth by observing, exploring, experimenting, and seeking information.

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5
Q

Sensation

A

Reception of sensory information

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6
Q

Perception

A

Use of sensory information and previous knowledge to make sense of incoming stimuli

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7
Q

Motor Control

A

Muscle movement and the sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of that movement

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8
Q

Cognition

A

Mental abilities involved in …
Comprehension of information
Language acquisition
Executive function
Use of knowledge

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9
Q

How does sensation contribute to learning?

A

Increased attention to a specific stimulus increases the chances of remembering that stimulus

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10
Q

Perception at 2months

A

Prefers a typical face

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11
Q

Perception at 3 months

A

Perceive facial differences

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12
Q

Perception between 4-6 months

A

respond more positively to a smile

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13
Q

perception between 5-8months

A

begin to perceive their own face

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14
Q

Fetus motor control

A

Discernible movement begins at seven weeks

Hand to face contact and body rotation are seen at 10 weeks.

Rhythmic suck‐swallow pattern established at 6 months

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15
Q

Newborn Motor control

A

Movements consist of twitches, jerks, and random movements.

Involuntary motor patterns called reflexes.

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16
Q

2 months motor control

A

Oral muscle control to stop and start movement

Tactile stimulation is still needed.

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17
Q

Early Development: Cognition

A

Both biology and experience contribute to determining cognitive development and enabling language.

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18
Q

Speech Development at 2months

A

“Gooing” or “Cooing”

Quasi-resonant nuclei: Non-crying vowel like sounds

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19
Q

Speech Development at 3months

A

Vocalizes in response to the speech of others

Most responsive if his or her caregivers respond

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20
Q

Speech Development at 5months

A

Babbling

Consonant + Vowel (CV) combinations

Fully-resonant nuclei: vowel like sounds

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21
Q

Speech Development between 5-6 months

A

Reduplicated babbling

CV-CV repetitions

Consonant repertoire:/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /g/, and /k/; nasals; and the approximant /j/.

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22
Q

Echolalic speech, or echolalia

A

immediate imitation of another speaker. (between 8-12months)

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23
Q

Variegated babbling

A

adjacent and successive syllables are not identical. Sound sequences may also include VCV and CVC structures. (bada)
(between 8-12months)

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24
Q

Jargon:

A

is a pattern consisting of long strings of unintelligible sounds with adultlike prosody and intonation.
(between 8-12months)

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25
Q

Phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)

A

are consistent prosodic and speech-sound patterns (e.g., ‘puda’ -family cat or dog) created by a child.

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26
Q

Information Processing & Language Development

A

Attention
Processing Speed
Memory
Representational Competence

27
Q

Attention

A

The ability of an infant to focus on something while his mother discusses or manipulates it is important for learning and may be a precursor of focusing on a conversational topic.

28
Q

Memory 9months

A

Better recall memory at 9 months is related to better gestural production at 14 months.

29
Q

Memory 12months

A

Better recognition and recall at 12 months predict better language skills at 36 months.

29
Q

Role of the Caregiver

A

Provide opportunity for learning without direct instruction.

Maintains an interactional dialogue with the infant by modifying their own behavior.

Mutual dialogues reach their greatest frequency at around 3 or 4 months of age.

29
Q

Processing

A

Faster processing speed enables operations to be performed more rapidly

With maturation and repeated exposure to the environment, working memory expands and information processing becomes more automatic.

30
Q

How a child Develops Communication

A

During the first 3-months, a caregiver’s responding teaches a child the signal value of specific behaviors (stimulus-response sequence)

Immediate positive parental responsiveness increases a child to communicate

31
Q

Development of communication newborn

A

A caregiver interprets eye contact as a sign of interest or attention

32
Q

Development of communication 2-3months

A

Coordinates amounts of time spent gazing

Social smile

Cry

33
Q

Development of communication 3-4months

A

Rituals & game playing

34
Q

Development of communication 5months

A

Vocalization for different attitudes (happy, sad, hungry)

35
Q

Development of communication 6months

A

Learns that vocalizations have value and gains interest in toys

36
Q

Mutual gaze

A

is important for the formation of attachment or bonding.

37
Q

Infant‐caregiver bonding

A

is determined by the quality of interactions.

38
Q

Factors that influence bonding

A

and security include maternal playfulness, sensitivity, encouragement, and pacing.

39
Q

Development of Intentionality

A

Intentionality is exhibited when a child begins to encode a message for someone else.

Initially, communication intentions are expressed primarily through gestures (i.e., requesting, interacting, and attracting attention).

40
Q

Development of Intentionality 6months

A

Communicate intentions more clearly and effectively

41
Q

Development of Intentionally 7months

A

Responds differentially to the interactional partner

Stay close to the caregiver

Following caregivers’ movements

Becomes distressed if he/she leaves

42
Q

Development of Intentionality 8-12months

A

Imitate simple motor behaviors

Follow maternal pointing and glancing

Parents can consistently recognize infant intonational patterns

Look at their partners at the beginning of a vocal turn

43
Q

Stages of Intentionality: Preintentional Stage (1/3)

A

Begins at birth

Caregivers interpret the infant’s behaviour and respond accordingly.

Toward the end of this initial period of intentional development
Become more interested in manipulating objects
Begin to use gestures that demonstrate an understanding of object purpose or use.

44
Q

Stages of Intentionality: Gestural Intentions (2/3)

A

Begins at 8 to 9 months.

Infants use conventional gestures, vocalizations, or both to communicate intentions.

Extends objects towards others to show/ bring attention to them but does not release them.

45
Q

Conventional Gesture: Pointing

A

Pointing may include the whole hand or single finger with the arm extended.

By 12 months, infant pointing to share with others, is a full communicative act.

46
Q

Protoimperitives (initial gestures)

A

requesting objects, participation, or actions.

47
Q

Protodeclaratives (intial gestures)

A

pointing or showing, maintaining joint attention.

48
Q

Stages of Intentionality: First Words (3/3)

A

Intent becomes encoded in words with or without gestures

Each language allows only certain syllable and phoneme sequencing structures, so predictability is high within words.

Predictable, familiar words and phrases become associated with familiar contexts, helping early meanings to form.

49
Q

Infant‐elicited social behavior

A

consists of maternal adaptations in speech and language, gaze, facial expression, facial presentation and head movement, and proxemics.

Maternal responsiveness is determined by the maturational level of the infant and culture‐specific interactional patterns.

50
Q

Infant Directed Speech

A

Characterized by higher pitch, short utterance length, simple syntax, and use of core vocabulary.

Mothers paraphrase and repeat themselves.

Children who are deaf and exposed to maternal signing from birth achieve all linguistic milestones at or before hearing children.

51
Q

Mock surprise

A

is used to initiate, invite, or signal readiness.

52
Q

Additional Adaptations

A

Facial Presentation and Head Movement

Proxemics

53
Q

Interactions Between Infant and Caregiver

A

Infant and caregiver interactions are crucial for infant learning and being able to participate in joint experiences.

54
Q

Joint reference

A

presupposes that two or more individuals share a common focus.

(Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder is partly based on lack of joint reference. )

55
Q

Development of Joint Reference

A

Joint Attention 0-6months
-From visually following caregiver
-Attending to utterances
- Following line of regard

Intention to communicate 7-8months
pointing or showing
reach-for-real
reach-for-signal

Gesture and vocalization 8-12months
Protoimperatives and protodeclaratives

Naming and Topicalization 12+months
Joint reference within dialogues

56
Q

Joint action

A

refers to shared behaviors in familiar contexts, providing a structure in which language can be analyzed (i.e., a routine).

Familiar Contexts
Game playing
Routines

57
Q

Sequence of Social Play

A

Greeting
Moment of mutual gaze.
Maternal mock surprise
Infant response
(e.g., wide eyes, an open mouth, a smile, and head reorientation)

58
Q

Engagement episodes

A

Establish attention, maintain attention, or enter into play

Maternal behaviors often occur in repetitive runs within each episode

59
Q

Time out

A

Rests used to readjust the interaction

60
Q

Turn Taking

A

Most early turns last for less than one second.

Lack of maternal pauses can result in overstimulation and a less responsive infant.

Gaze, facial expression, body movement, or vocalization can all fill a turn.

61
Q

Protoconversations

A

contain the initial elements of emerging conversation

62
Q

Situational Variations

A

Mothers use a variety of situations to facilitate language and communication development.

Interactional situations account for almost all activities of a 3‐month‐old infant:
mother’s lap
crib/bed
infant seat
bath

Foundations (5 decks)

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