Chapter 4 Flashcards
Newborn Genetic Contribution to Cognitive Function
Activation of cortical areas-
Lower brain: basic bodily functioning (breathing) activates.
Cerebellum and basal ganglia: reflexive movements
2 month old Genetic Contribution to Cognitive Function
The motor cortex becomes more active
More control of volitional or voluntary motor behaviors
Many reflexive patterns disappear
3 month of age Genetic Contribution to Cognitive Function
The visual cortex becomes more active
Child gains a full-range focus
Focus on things close in or far distant.
Early Cognitive Development
Humans actively contribute to their own cognitive growth by observing, exploring, experimenting, and seeking information.
Sensation
Reception of sensory information
Perception
Use of sensory information and previous knowledge to make sense of incoming stimuli
Motor Control
Muscle movement and the sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of that movement
Cognition
Mental abilities involved in …
Comprehension of information
Language acquisition
Executive function
Use of knowledge
How does sensation contribute to learning?
Increased attention to a specific stimulus increases the chances of remembering that stimulus
Perception at 2months
Prefers a typical face
Perception at 3 months
Perceive facial differences
Perception between 4-6 months
respond more positively to a smile
perception between 5-8months
begin to perceive their own face
Fetus motor control
Discernible movement begins at seven weeks
Hand to face contact and body rotation are seen at 10 weeks.
Rhythmic suck‐swallow pattern established at 6 months
Newborn Motor control
Movements consist of twitches, jerks, and random movements.
Involuntary motor patterns called reflexes.
2 months motor control
Oral muscle control to stop and start movement
Tactile stimulation is still needed.
Early Development: Cognition
Both biology and experience contribute to determining cognitive development and enabling language.
Speech Development at 2months
“Gooing” or “Cooing”
Quasi-resonant nuclei: Non-crying vowel like sounds
Speech Development at 3months
Vocalizes in response to the speech of others
Most responsive if his or her caregivers respond
Speech Development at 5months
Babbling
Consonant + Vowel (CV) combinations
Fully-resonant nuclei: vowel like sounds
Speech Development between 5-6 months
Reduplicated babbling
CV-CV repetitions
Consonant repertoire:/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /g/, and /k/; nasals; and the approximant /j/.
Echolalic speech, or echolalia
immediate imitation of another speaker. (between 8-12months)
Variegated babbling
adjacent and successive syllables are not identical. Sound sequences may also include VCV and CVC structures. (bada)
(between 8-12months)
Jargon:
is a pattern consisting of long strings of unintelligible sounds with adultlike prosody and intonation.
(between 8-12months)
Phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)
are consistent prosodic and speech-sound patterns (e.g., ‘puda’ -family cat or dog) created by a child.
Information Processing & Language Development
Attention
Processing Speed
Memory
Representational Competence
Attention
The ability of an infant to focus on something while his mother discusses or manipulates it is important for learning and may be a precursor of focusing on a conversational topic.
Memory 9months
Better recall memory at 9 months is related to better gestural production at 14 months.
Memory 12months
Better recognition and recall at 12 months predict better language skills at 36 months.
Role of the Caregiver
Provide opportunity for learning without direct instruction.
Maintains an interactional dialogue with the infant by modifying their own behavior.
Mutual dialogues reach their greatest frequency at around 3 or 4 months of age.
Processing
Faster processing speed enables operations to be performed more rapidly
With maturation and repeated exposure to the environment, working memory expands and information processing becomes more automatic.
How a child Develops Communication
During the first 3-months, a caregiver’s responding teaches a child the signal value of specific behaviors (stimulus-response sequence)
Immediate positive parental responsiveness increases a child to communicate
Development of communication newborn
A caregiver interprets eye contact as a sign of interest or attention
Development of communication 2-3months
Coordinates amounts of time spent gazing
Social smile
Cry
Development of communication 3-4months
Rituals & game playing
Development of communication 5months
Vocalization for different attitudes (happy, sad, hungry)
Development of communication 6months
Learns that vocalizations have value and gains interest in toys
Mutual gaze
is important for the formation of attachment or bonding.
Infant‐caregiver bonding
is determined by the quality of interactions.
Factors that influence bonding
and security include maternal playfulness, sensitivity, encouragement, and pacing.
Development of Intentionality
Intentionality is exhibited when a child begins to encode a message for someone else.
Initially, communication intentions are expressed primarily through gestures (i.e., requesting, interacting, and attracting attention).
Development of Intentionality 6months
Communicate intentions more clearly and effectively
Development of Intentionally 7months
Responds differentially to the interactional partner
Stay close to the caregiver
Following caregivers’ movements
Becomes distressed if he/she leaves
Development of Intentionality 8-12months
Imitate simple motor behaviors
Follow maternal pointing and glancing
Parents can consistently recognize infant intonational patterns
Look at their partners at the beginning of a vocal turn
Stages of Intentionality: Preintentional Stage (1/3)
Begins at birth
Caregivers interpret the infant’s behaviour and respond accordingly.
Toward the end of this initial period of intentional development
Become more interested in manipulating objects
Begin to use gestures that demonstrate an understanding of object purpose or use.
Stages of Intentionality: Gestural Intentions (2/3)
Begins at 8 to 9 months.
Infants use conventional gestures, vocalizations, or both to communicate intentions.
Extends objects towards others to show/ bring attention to them but does not release them.
Conventional Gesture: Pointing
Pointing may include the whole hand or single finger with the arm extended.
By 12 months, infant pointing to share with others, is a full communicative act.
Protoimperitives (initial gestures)
requesting objects, participation, or actions.
Protodeclaratives (intial gestures)
pointing or showing, maintaining joint attention.
Stages of Intentionality: First Words (3/3)
Intent becomes encoded in words with or without gestures
Each language allows only certain syllable and phoneme sequencing structures, so predictability is high within words.
Predictable, familiar words and phrases become associated with familiar contexts, helping early meanings to form.
Infant‐elicited social behavior
consists of maternal adaptations in speech and language, gaze, facial expression, facial presentation and head movement, and proxemics.
Maternal responsiveness is determined by the maturational level of the infant and culture‐specific interactional patterns.
Infant Directed Speech
Characterized by higher pitch, short utterance length, simple syntax, and use of core vocabulary.
Mothers paraphrase and repeat themselves.
Children who are deaf and exposed to maternal signing from birth achieve all linguistic milestones at or before hearing children.
Mock surprise
is used to initiate, invite, or signal readiness.
Additional Adaptations
Facial Presentation and Head Movement
Proxemics
Interactions Between Infant and Caregiver
Infant and caregiver interactions are crucial for infant learning and being able to participate in joint experiences.
Joint reference
presupposes that two or more individuals share a common focus.
(Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder is partly based on lack of joint reference. )
Development of Joint Reference
Joint Attention 0-6months
-From visually following caregiver
-Attending to utterances
- Following line of regard
Intention to communicate 7-8months
pointing or showing
reach-for-real
reach-for-signal
Gesture and vocalization 8-12months
Protoimperatives and protodeclaratives
Naming and Topicalization 12+months
Joint reference within dialogues
Joint action
refers to shared behaviors in familiar contexts, providing a structure in which language can be analyzed (i.e., a routine).
Familiar Contexts
Game playing
Routines
Sequence of Social Play
Greeting
Moment of mutual gaze.
Maternal mock surprise
Infant response
(e.g., wide eyes, an open mouth, a smile, and head reorientation)
Engagement episodes
Establish attention, maintain attention, or enter into play
Maternal behaviors often occur in repetitive runs within each episode
Time out
Rests used to readjust the interaction
Turn Taking
Most early turns last for less than one second.
Lack of maternal pauses can result in overstimulation and a less responsive infant.
Gaze, facial expression, body movement, or vocalization can all fill a turn.
Protoconversations
contain the initial elements of emerging conversation
Situational Variations
Mothers use a variety of situations to facilitate language and communication development.
Interactional situations account for almost all activities of a 3‐month‐old infant:
mother’s lap
crib/bed
infant seat
bath
