Chapter 3

Question 1

What is the nervous system responsible for?

Answer 1

responsible for monitoring our body’s state
1) conducting messages from the senses and organs
2) conducting messages to the organs and muscles through nerves

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

Spinal Cord
Brain

Question 2

Peripheral Nervous Sytem

Answer 2

Consists of 12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves that interact with the CNS

Question 3

Brainstem:

Answer 3

Medulla oblongata
pons
thalamus
midbrain

Question 4

Cerebellum

Answer 4

Motor functions (coordinates motor learning)

Question 5

Language processing

Answer 5

higher-order cognitive and emotional functions (the exact nature is unknown)

Question 6

Executive Functioning

Answer 6

working memory, divided attention, affect or emotion.

Question 7

How does information travel

Answer 7

from the upper part of the brain to the cerebellum and back again.

Question 8

Cerebrum

Answer 8

Most sensory and motor functions in the cerebrum- contralateral. (each hemisphere is related to the opposite side of the body (a few exceptions). Nerves cross to opposite side of body)

Question 9

What parts are in the cerebrum

Answer 9

Cerebral cortex (grey matter), white matter (The subcortical ‘white matter’: children with autism-more diffuse white matter-leading to different processing) , gyrus, and sulcus.

Question 10

The fiber tracts are of 3 types:

Answer 10

Association, Projection, and Transverse.

Question 11

Each hemisphere:

Answer 11

Consists of white fibrous connective tracts covered by gray cortex of nerve cell bodies.

Question 12

Association Fibers

Answer 12

run between different areas within each hemisphere.

Question 13

Projection Fibers

Answer 13

connect the cortex to the brainstem and below.

Question 14

Transverse Fibers

Answer 14

Connect the two hemispheres-largest one is corpus callosum.

Question 15

Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes:

Answer 15

Frontal, Parietal, temporal, and occipital

Question 16

Right Hemisphere

Answer 16

-Holistic processing and visuospatial processing

-Extralinguistic aspects of communication (picking up on intonation)

-Comprehension of complex linguistic (statements that hold ambiguity)

-Pragmatics (language in a social context)

Question 17

Frontal Lobe

Answer 17

Makes sense of information for decision making

Responsible for behavioral traits

Important for language production

Question 18

Frontal Association Area

Answer 18

Pre-frontal Cortex
-Executive functions

-Synthesis of sensory and motor information

Question 19

Temporal Lobe

Answer 19

Decodes auditory information

Important for language comprehension

Question 20

Motor Cortex

Answer 20

Controls motor movement

Question 21

Central Sulcus

Answer 21

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Question 22

Parietal Lobe

Answer 22

-Decodes information from our senses

-Monitors relative position of our body and limbs

Question 23

Occipital Lobe

Answer 23

Decodes visual information

Question 24

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 24

2-centimeter-wide strip that controls voluntary movements The finer the movements the larger the cortical area designated for it

Question 25

Holistic processing and visuospatial processing has to do with

Answer 25

Perception and recognition of faces Pictures/photographs Recognizes printed words but has difficulty decoding

Question 26

Extralinguistic aspects of communication has to do with

Answer 26

Speech prosody and affect Metaphorical language and semantics Comprehension of complex linguistic

Question 27

Pragmatics

Answer 27

The perception and expression of emotion in language Ability to understand jokes, irony, and figurative language Ability to produce and comprehend coherent discourse.

Question 28

Left Hemisphere

Answer 28

Dominant for control of speech and non-speech‐related oral movements. Specialized for language in all modalities (speech, listening, reading, writing) Linear order perception (arithmetic calculations, logical reasoning) Adept at perceiving rapidly acoustic characteristics of phonemes in speech. (Almost all right‐handers and 60% of left‐handers are left‐hemisphere dominant for language.)

Question 29

What is happening in our brains when we process or produce language? (Wernicke–Geschwind model)

Answer 29

Auditory signal is received at brainstem Signal is relayed from brainstem to an area called Herschel's area in each auditory cortex (in temporal lobe) Herschel’s area and surrounding structures separate linguistic and extralinguistic information Linguistic: Goes to left temporal lobe Extralinguistic: Goes to right temporal lobe To process sentences we need help from our working memory (allows us to simultaneously store and analyze information in memory) Working memory is thought to be located in Broca’s area, in the left frontal lobe Left temporal lobe: (Wernicke’s area) analyzes linguistic information held in WM Right hemisphere: Interprets extralinguistic information Angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus assist in by integrating visual, auditory, and tactile input Frontal lobe integrates information from right and left hemisphere and uses executive functions to interpret

Question 30

Language Production

Answer 30

Processes located in the same general areas of your brain as comprehension

Question 31

Language Production Processes

Answer 31

The conceptual basis of the message forms in many memory areas of the cortex The underlying structure is organized in Wernicke’s area Message is transmitted through the arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area Broca’s area programs and coordinates the motor strip for speech production

Question 32

Information Processing

Answer 32

How incoming information is processed represents the voluntary problem‐solving strategies of each person

Question 33

Executive function is defined as

Answer 33

the ability to maintain an appropriate problem-solving set for attainment of future goal”.

Question 34

Steps in Information Processing

Answer 34

Attention Discrimination Organization Memory

Question 35

Orientation

Answer 35

Directing focus to the stimulus

Question 36

Reaction

Answer 36

Amount of time required for an individual to respond to a stimulus

Question 37

Discrimination

Answer 37

Discrimination is the ability to identify relevant vs. non-relevant information (Requires working memory (WM): Involved the simultaneous storage and processing of information)

Question 38

Organization

Answer 38

The organization of information for future retrieval.

Question 39

Two kinds of organizational strategies:

Answer 39

Mediational strategies: a symbol forms a link to some information (e.g., an image may facilitate recall of an event) Associative strategies: one symbol is commonly linked with another (e.g.,cat/dog… boy/girl… apple/banana)

Question 40

Short‐term memory

Answer 40

Storage for a small amount of information to be retrieved soon Recalling items on a shopping list Recalling a phone number

Question 41

Long-term memory:

Answer 41

Information that has been rehearsed and organized Explicit memory: Fact and events Meaning and concepts. Important names, dates, etc

Question 42

Implicit memory

Answer 42

consists of knowing how to do something, such as put words together or ask for something.

Question 43

Transfer or Generalization

Answer 43

The ability to apply previously learned material to similar but novel problems.

Question 44

When the two are very similar, generalization is called

Answer 44

Near transfer

Question 45

When very dissimilar, generalization is called

Answer 45

Far Transfer

Question 46

Top‐down processing

Answer 46

is conceptually‐driven or affected by expectations about incoming information. E.g., The cat caught a ……..

Question 47

Bottom‐up processing

Answer 47

is data driven; analysis occurs at the levels of sound/syllable discrimination and proceeds upward to recognition and comprehension. E.g., The cat caught a /b/ ……..