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Foundations > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a theory?

A

A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

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2
Q

Linguistic theories

A

Aims to explain why language developments

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3
Q

Learning theories

A

Aims to explain how children acquire language

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4
Q

Why theorize about language development?

A

Theories guide assessment and intervention

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5
Q

What does Nature mean?

A

Generative / Nativists theorize that we Genetically predisposed to acquire language.

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6
Q

What does Nurture mean?

A

Interactionist theorize that Environmental influences acquire language.

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7
Q

Generative / Nativists Approach

A

Basic syntactic rules located in the “Language Acquisition Device (LAD)” in the brain help humans learn language specific syntactic rules

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8
Q

What are the Two rule systems?

A

Universal system
Language-specific system

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9
Q

Noam Chomsky (1950s) theorized?

A

children are born with innate syntactic rules or principles that help shape the structures of human languages

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10
Q

Roger Brown (1973) theorized?

A

Children abstract information based on meaning-based units to help shape what they produce

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11
Q

Interactionalist Approach

A

Rather than beginning with rules, child uses language input to attempt output and notices regularities (rules)

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12
Q

Learning Theories

A

Behavioral
Cognitivist
Social
constructiveness

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13
Q

Behavioral Learning Theory

A

B.F. Skinner (1957): Caregivers model language, in turn the child imitates that model, and is reinforced by the parents for correct imitation

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14
Q

Universal Language

A

We all have the ability to abstract information. (used by Chomsky)

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15
Q

Language specific system

A

the organization of the language one is exposed to (used by Chomsky)

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16
Q

Reinforcement

A

when behavior is continued

17
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

when something is given to continue behavior

18
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When something is taken away and the behavior continues

19
Q

Punishment

A

The behavior reduces in frequency or stops all together

20
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding something and the desired behavior decreases

21
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

something is taken away to increase a behavior

22
Q

Cognitivist Learning Theory

A

Jean Piaget (1950s): Learning occurs as the learner adjusts his or her mental model to adapt new experiences

23
Q

Schema

A

Mental representation of items and events based on our experiences

24
Q

Accommodation

A

Modifying existing schemas or creating new ones

25
Q

Assimilation

A

Using existing schema to incorporate new information

26
Q

Language Learning Mechanics: Cognitivist

A

Child builds schemas based on experiences > When a child encounters a new experience, they make sense of the world by doing one of two things > Assimilation,
Accommodation

27
Q

Language Learning Mechanics: Behaviorist

A

Adults provide language models > Stimuli/Behaviors- Child imitates direct model Or Child initiates the conversation > Response
The adult reacts to the child’s behavior > Consequence- Adult reinforces the behavior, the behavior continues Or punishes the behavior the behavior stops

28
Q

Social Constructivist Learning Theory

A

Lev Vygotsky (passed in 1934, work recognized in 1970s): Knowledge is constructed within social contexts through interactions with a knowledge individual(s).

29
Q

Zone of Competence

A

What the child can do independently.

30
Q

Zone of Incompetence

A

What the child is unable to do even with assistance

31
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):

A

Competence that a child demonstrates with minimal assistance (Teaching within the ZPD is key to maximizing learning)

32
Q

Language Learning Mechanics: Social Constructivist

A

Caregiver identifies what the child can do independently > Caregiver sees what the child can do with some support

33
Q

Jerome Bruner (1980):

A

children learn language from interactions with their environment

Foundations (5 decks)

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