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HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When does cellular injury occur?

A

If cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cellular size

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size

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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cell with another

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cellular growth

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7
Q

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

A

Hypoxic injury

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

A

Ischemia
-inadequate blood supply

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9
Q

What happens during ischemia?

A

Reduced O2 to mitochondria leading to reduction of cellular energy.
H+ builds up in mitochondria and breakdowns the mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

What happens if intracellular H+ increases?

A

Loss of membrane potential –> necrosis

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11
Q

What is an ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A

Additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen

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12
Q

What mechanisms cause Ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A
  1. Oxidative stress
  2. Increased intracellular calcium
  3. Inflammation
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13
Q

What is the cellular response to Ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A

Decrease in ATP, sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange fails
Cells swell or shrink

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14
Q

What are free radicals?

A

missing an electron
-will attack healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron
-By-products of normal metabolism

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15
Q

What free radicals are created with metabolism of oxygen?

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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16
Q

What is Oxidative stress?

A

No producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals causing damage to cells

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17
Q

What does oxidative stress play a major role in?

A

Chronic and degenerative ailments

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18
Q

How do antioxidants work?

A

Prevent cell damage by neutralising a free radical by giving one of their extra electrons to it

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19
Q

What do Free radicals/ROS cause?

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation (free radicals attack lipids)
    2., Alteration of proteins (e.g denaturation)
  2. Alteration of DNA (e.g mutations)
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20
Q

What causes chemical injury?

A

Xenobiotics

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21
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Substances foreign to body
e.g Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, Mercury,

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22
Q

What is the most common chemical over exposure found in industry?

A

Lead

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23
Q

What does chipped paint containing lead disintegrate into that can be inhaled?

A

Pb dust

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24
Q

Why can foetuses easily get lead poisoning?

A

BBB is immature

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25
Q

What is Carbon monoxide?

A

doorless, colourless and nonirritating

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26
Q

What does Carbon monoxide ultimately cause?

A

Hypoxic injury
-Oxygen deprivation bc CO attaches to mitochondria with a higher affinity than oxygen

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27
Q

What does ethanol/alcohol cause?

A

Liver injury
Nutritional deficiencies

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28
Q

What nutritional deficiencies does ethanol cause?

A

Magnesium and Vit B6

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29
Q

How is ethanol spread throughout the body?

A

First absorbed by stomach then distributed to all body tissues and fluids

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30
Q

What is the J-shaped effect of alcohol consumption?

A

Light to moderate drinkers = lower mortality than non-drinkers

Heavy drinkers= high mortality

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31
Q

What signs do light to moderate drinkers show?

A

Decreased LDL levels
Decreased BP
Decreased atherosclerosis

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32
Q

What is mercury?

A

A recognised global threat to human and environmental health

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33
Q

What is a major limitation to medication therapy?

A

Chemical injury

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34
Q

What is the leading cause of child poisonings?

A

Medications
-including over the counter, prescribed

35
Q

How do chemicals and medications injure cells?

A

Direct damage (on-target toxicity)

36
Q

What is direct damage/on-target toxicity?

A

Injure cells by combining directly with critical molecular substances
e.g chemotherapeutic medications, drugs of abuse

37
Q

What do chemicals/mediactions activate?

A

Toxic metabolites including free radicals

38
Q

What kind of reactions can occur from chemicals/medications?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions
Mild-severe

39
Q

What is asphyxiation?

A

Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

40
Q

What are the types of asphyxiation?

A
  1. Suffocation
  2. Strangulation
  3. Drowning
  4. Chemical
41
Q

Suffocation

A

Systemic hypoxia
No air exchange

42
Q

Strangulation

A

Compression, closure of airway
Cerebral hypoxia

43
Q

Drowning

A

Fluid fills lungs
No oxygen exchange
Fluid can pass through alveolar/capillary interface = massive fluid and electrolyte changes in blood

44
Q

What is chemical asphyxiation?

A

prevention of oxygen delivery to cells or its utilisation

45
Q

What chemicals can cause chemical asphyxiation?

A

Carbon monoxidxe
Cyanide

46
Q

How does carbon monoxide cause asphyxiation?

A

Binds to Hb in same position as oxygen

47
Q

How is carbon monoxide asphyxiation treated?

A

Hyperbaric chamber

48
Q

How does Cyanide cause asphyxiation?

A

Blocks utilisation og oxygen at electron transport chain causing cardiac arrest

49
Q

Contusion

A

Crushing injury to muscle
if mild = bruising

50
Q

Laceration

A

Irregular cut from tearing
Irregular edges

51
Q

Incision

A

Sharp straight wound

52
Q

Fracture

A

Broken or shattered bones

53
Q

Incised wound

A

Wound is longer than it is deep

54
Q

Stab wound

A

Wound is deeper than it is long

55
Q

Puncture wound

A

Sharp point but not sharp edges

56
Q

What is an infectious injury?

A

Invasion of a pathogen

57
Q

How can pathogens cause disease/infections?

A

Invasion and destruction
Toxins
Hyper immune reactions

58
Q

What ways can a cell die?

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Autophagy
    3.Necrosis
59
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death that occurs as a normal, controlled part of an organisms growth and development

60
Q

What kind of process is Apoptosis?

A

overly process

61
Q

What happens during apoptosis?

A

Cell breaks up into sections and are taken away by the immune system

62
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Consumption of a cell’s own contents for fuel to oppose starvation and certain diseases

63
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Swelling and bursting go cell membrane due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply

64
Q

Necrosis occurs at _______ _____

A

cellular level

65
Q

What are the types of cellular necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Caseous
  3. Liquefactive
  4. Fatty
    5.Gangrenous
  5. Gas gangrene
66
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Type of cell death that occurs when blood flow to cells stops or slows (in kidney and heart)

67
Q

What causes coagulative necrosis?

A

Ischemia or an infarction

68
Q

Can ischemic cells be revived?

A

Yes, if supplied within 20 minutes

69
Q

What leads to coagulation?

A

protein denaturation

70
Q

What is Caseous necrosis?

A

A type of cell death that causes tissues to become “cheese-like” in appearance in lungs

71
Q

What causes Caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis

72
Q

What is the danger associated with caseous necrosis?

A

dead cells get enveloped by other cells therefore increasing in mass and decreasing overall lung space

73
Q

What isn liquefactive necrosis?

A

A type of cell death that causes dead tissue to turn into liquid. Ischemic Injury to neurons and glia cells (brain)

74
Q

What causes the cells to die when undergoing liquefactive necrosis?

A

Tissue to liquid causes infarction and blocks blood supply

75
Q

What causes liquefactive necrosis?

A

Bacterial infection:
Streptococci, E.coli

76
Q

What is Fatty necrosis?

A

Fatty tissue like breasts or abdominal organs is damaged through the action of lipases
-Usually harmless

77
Q

What is Gangrenous necrosis?

A

Severe hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg which becomes a medium for bacterial growth (anaerobic)

78
Q

What is gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium enters wound and produces gas, which can enter the blood and diminish oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC causing death

79
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Cell death due to swelling

80
Q

What happens during cellular aging?

A

Atrophy, decreased function and loss of cells

81
Q

What happens during tissue and systemic aging?

A

Progressive stiffness and rigidity
Sarcopenia

82
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Progressive/generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

83
Q

What is frailty?

A

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density

HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 (16 decks)

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