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HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When does cellular injury occur?

A

If cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cellular size

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size

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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cell with another

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cellular growth

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7
Q

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

A

Hypoxic injury

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

A

Ischemia
-inadequate blood supply

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9
Q

What happens during ischemia?

A

Reduced O2 to mitochondria leading to reduction of cellular energy.
H+ builds up in mitochondria and breakdowns the mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

What happens if intracellular H+ increases?

A

Loss of membrane potential –> necrosis

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11
Q

What is an ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A

Additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen

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12
Q

What mechanisms cause Ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A
  1. Oxidative stress
  2. Increased intracellular calcium
  3. Inflammation
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13
Q

What is the cellular response to Ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A

Decrease in ATP, sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange fails
Cells swell or shrink

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14
Q

What are free radicals?

A

missing an electron
-will attack healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron
-By-products of normal metabolism

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15
Q

What free radicals are created with metabolism of oxygen?

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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16
Q

What is Oxidative stress?

A

No producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals causing damage to cells

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17
Q

What does oxidative stress play a major role in?

A

Chronic and degenerative ailments

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18
Q

How do antioxidants work?

A

Prevent cell damage by neutralising a free radical by giving one of their extra electrons to it

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19
Q

What do Free radicals/ROS cause?

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation (free radicals attack lipids)
    2., Alteration of proteins (e.g denaturation)
  2. Alteration of DNA (e.g mutations)
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20
Q

What causes chemical injury?

A

Xenobiotics

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21
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Substances foreign to body
e.g Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, Mercury,

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22
Q

What is the most common chemical over exposure found in industry?

A

Lead

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23
Q

What does chipped paint containing lead disintegrate into that can be inhaled?

A

Pb dust

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24
Q

Why can foetuses easily get lead poisoning?

A

BBB is immature

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25
What is Carbon monoxide?
doorless, colourless and nonirritating
26
What does Carbon monoxide ultimately cause?
Hypoxic injury -Oxygen deprivation bc CO attaches to mitochondria with a higher affinity than oxygen
27
What does ethanol/alcohol cause?
Liver injury Nutritional deficiencies
28
What nutritional deficiencies does ethanol cause?
Magnesium and Vit B6
29
How is ethanol spread throughout the body?
First absorbed by stomach then distributed to all body tissues and fluids
30
What is the J-shaped effect of alcohol consumption?
Light to moderate drinkers = lower mortality than non-drinkers Heavy drinkers= high mortality
31
What signs do light to moderate drinkers show?
Decreased LDL levels Decreased BP Decreased atherosclerosis
32
What is mercury?
A recognised global threat to human and environmental health
33
What is a major limitation to medication therapy?
Chemical injury
34
What is the leading cause of child poisonings?
Medications -including over the counter, prescribed
35
How do chemicals and medications injure cells?
Direct damage (on-target toxicity)
36
What is direct damage/on-target toxicity?
Injure cells by combining directly with critical molecular substances e.g chemotherapeutic medications, drugs of abuse
37
What do chemicals/mediactions activate?
Toxic metabolites including free radicals
38
What kind of reactions can occur from chemicals/medications?
Hypersensitivity reactions Mild-severe
39
What is asphyxiation?
Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
40
What are the types of asphyxiation?
1. Suffocation 2. Strangulation 3. Drowning 4. Chemical
41
Suffocation
Systemic hypoxia No air exchange
42
Strangulation
Compression, closure of airway Cerebral hypoxia
43
Drowning
Fluid fills lungs No oxygen exchange Fluid can pass through alveolar/capillary interface = massive fluid and electrolyte changes in blood
44
What is chemical asphyxiation?
prevention of oxygen delivery to cells or its utilisation
45
What chemicals can cause chemical asphyxiation?
Carbon monoxidxe Cyanide
46
How does carbon monoxide cause asphyxiation?
Binds to Hb in same position as oxygen
47
How is carbon monoxide asphyxiation treated?
Hyperbaric chamber
48
How does Cyanide cause asphyxiation?
Blocks utilisation og oxygen at electron transport chain causing cardiac arrest
49
Contusion
Crushing injury to muscle if mild = bruising
50
Laceration
Irregular cut from tearing Irregular edges
51
Incision
Sharp straight wound
52
Fracture
Broken or shattered bones
53
Incised wound
Wound is longer than it is deep
54
Stab wound
Wound is deeper than it is long
55
Puncture wound
Sharp point but not sharp edges
56
What is an infectious injury?
Invasion of a pathogen
57
How can pathogens cause disease/infections?
Invasion and destruction Toxins Hyper immune reactions
58
What ways can a cell die?
1. Apoptosis 2. Autophagy 3.Necrosis
59
What is apoptosis?
Cell death that occurs as a normal, controlled part of an organisms growth and development
60
What kind of process is Apoptosis?
overly process
61
What happens during apoptosis?
Cell breaks up into sections and are taken away by the immune system
62
What is autophagy?
Consumption of a cell's own contents for fuel to oppose starvation and certain diseases
63
What is necrosis?
Swelling and bursting go cell membrane due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply
64
Necrosis occurs at _______ _____
cellular level
65
What are the types of cellular necrosis?
1. Coagulative 2. Caseous 3. Liquefactive 4. Fatty 5.Gangrenous 6. Gas gangrene
66
What is coagulative necrosis?
Type of cell death that occurs when blood flow to cells stops or slows (in kidney and heart)
67
What causes coagulative necrosis?
Ischemia or an infarction
68
Can ischemic cells be revived?
Yes, if supplied within 20 minutes
69
What leads to coagulation?
protein denaturation
70
What is Caseous necrosis?
A type of cell death that causes tissues to become “cheese-like” in appearance in lungs
71
What causes Caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis -Mycobacterium tuberculosis
72
What is the danger associated with caseous necrosis?
dead cells get enveloped by other cells therefore increasing in mass and decreasing overall lung space
73
What isn liquefactive necrosis?
A type of cell death that causes dead tissue to turn into liquid. Ischemic Injury to neurons and glia cells (brain)
74
What causes the cells to die when undergoing liquefactive necrosis?
Tissue to liquid causes infarction and blocks blood supply
75
What causes liquefactive necrosis?
Bacterial infection: Streptococci, E.coli
76
What is Fatty necrosis?
Fatty tissue like breasts or abdominal organs is damaged through the action of lipases -Usually harmless
77
What is Gangrenous necrosis?
Severe hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg which becomes a medium for bacterial growth (anaerobic)
78
What is gas gangrene?
Clostridium enters wound and produces gas, which can enter the blood and diminish oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC causing death
79
What is oncosis?
Cell death due to swelling
80
What happens during cellular aging?
Atrophy, decreased function and loss of cells
81
What happens during tissue and systemic aging?
Progressive stiffness and rigidity Sarcopenia
82
Sarcopenia
Progressive/generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
83
What is frailty?
Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density

HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 (16 decks)

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