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HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective evidence that can be observed or measured

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2
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective experience that is apparent to or reported by patient

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3
Q

What is an example of a sign?

A

Vital signs or fever

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4
Q

What is an example of a symptom?

A

Sore throat

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5
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Sudden appearance of signs and symptoms

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6
Q

How long does an acute disease last?

A

Shorter period of time

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7
Q

What is an example of an acute disease?

A

Influenza

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8
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Signs and symptoms develop slowly

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9
Q

How long does a chronic disease last?

A

Lasts for a longer period of time

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10
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Indicates all current cases of the disease
-doesn’t differentiate between old and new cases

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11
Q

What is incidence?

A

Indicates number of new cases

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12
Q

Give an example of incidence vs prevalence if the incidence is 5 new cases a year

A

Yearone:incidence=5cases/Prevalence=5cases
• Yeartwo:incidence=5cases/Prevalence=10cases
• Yearthree:incidence=5cases/Prevalence=15cases

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13
Q

What is a short term disease?

A

Incidence and prevalence stay the same year after year

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14
Q

What is an example of a short term disease?

A

Common cold

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15
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Prevalence tends to increase yearly while incidence stays the same

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16
Q

What is a predisposing factor?

A

Aka a risk factor
Increase the probability of disease occurrence

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17
Q

What is a precipitating factor?

A

Triggers a disease
-condition that causes diseases

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18
Q

What is Morbidity?

A

Condition of being disease

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19
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

Multiple disorders occurring at the same time

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20
Q

What is Mortality?

A

Related to risk of death
e.g 2% of those with COVID-19 will pass away

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21
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

group of signs and symptoms which occur together and
characterize a particular abnormality or condition.
-Greek for concurrence
e.g Down syndrome

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22
Q

What is a Disorder?

A

Abnormality of function

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23
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

Study of tracking patterns of disease occurrence

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24
Q

What is Remission?

A

Symptoms disappear or diminish

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25
What is exacerbation?
Sudden increase in severity
26
What is a Complication?
Medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment
27
What is etiology?
Cause of disease
28
What is Idiopathic?
Unknown cause/spontaneous origin
29
What is latrogenic?
Occurs as a result of treatment e.g Hair loss from cancer treatment
30
What is nosocomial?
Disease originating in the hospital
31
What are modifiable risk factors?
Risk factors that can be controlled to promote health
32
What is DNA?
A double helix with 2 strands held together with hydrogen bonds
33
What are the 2 basic components of DNA?
1. Backbone: Deoxyribose-phosphate 2. Nitrogen bases: 4 types (TAGC)
34
What are the 2 sides of ladder of DNA?
Deoxyribose phosphate molecules
35
What are the rungs of the ladder of DNA?
Nitrogen bases joined by hydrogen bonds
36
DNA runs in an ___________ nature
Antiparallel (Positive/negative)
37
What does DNA run antiparallel?
One strand serves as a template for production of second strand -Positive strand is a template for negative strand and vice versa
38
Where is the strand of DNA broken?
At the replication fork
39
Where do hydrogen bonds form?
Between new complementary nucleotides
40
What is the overall result of DNA replication?
Two identical copies of original DNA
41
What is a codon?
3 sequential nitrogen bases that code for a specific amino acid
42
How many amino acids does the body contain?
20
43
What is a protein?
Specific combination of amino acids
44
What is DNA transcribed into?
mRNA
45
What is mRNA translated into?
Proteins (with use of enzymes)
46
Where does translation occur?
Ribosome
47
What are the two strands of DNA involved in transcription?
Coding strand and template strand
48
Describe the movement of the short RNA strand during transcription.
The short RNA strand moves over the template strand, and appropriate amino acids are constructed on the RNA strand.
49
What does the sequence of amino acids on RNA represent?
The sequence of amino acids on RNA represents a "recipe" for a specific protein.
50
Where does mRNA go after being made in the nucleus?
mRNA is moved out of the nucleus to travel to the ribosome to make the protein.
51
What is the first step in protein production involving mRNA and ribosomes?
Ribosome subunits join with mRNA.
52
What molecules transport anticodon amino acids to the ribosome during protein production?
transfer RNA (tRNA)
53
Describe the interaction between tRNA and mRNA during protein production.
Anticodons on tRNA base-pair with mRNA codons (amino acid codons).
54
What is formed when a string of anticodons on tRNA interacts with mRNA?
A polypeptide
55
How does the process of protein production end?
Stop codon on mRNA
56
What are Genes?
Segments of DNA that encode for specific proteins
57
What are chromosomes?
Structure that organises DNA into various sections
58
What is genetics?
Study of genes, how they carry info, how info is expressed and how genes are replicated
59
What is the result of Mitosis?
Two genetically identical 2n daughter cells
60
What is the result of meiosis?
Four genetically unique n daughter cells
61
When does a mutation occur?
During DNA replication
62
What is Substitution?
1 base is replaced causing an inappropriate sequence of nucleotides making a new amino acid e.g sickle cell anaemia
63
What is Insertion?
Insertion of new inappropriate nucleotide making multiple new amino acids -all a.a after inserted base change
64
What is deletion?
Appropriate nucleotide removed making multiple new amino acids e.g Cystic fibrosis
65
What allows evolution to occur?
Mutation
66
When does no evolution occur?
If mutation provides no benefit to the environment
67
When does extinction occur?
If mutation provides a negative benefit to environment
68
When does a trait become dominant in environment?
If mutation provides a positive benefit to environment
69
What are the 2 types of mutations?
1. Base pair substitutions 2. Frameshift mutations
70
What are base pair substitutions?
One base pair replaces another base pair
71
What are the 2 types of base pair substitutions?
Missense Nonsense
72
What is a missense mutation?
Produce a change in a single a.a
73
What is a nonsense mutation?
Produce one of three stop codons
74
What are the stop codons?
UAA UAG UGA
75
What are frameshift mutations?
Insertion or deletion of one or ore base pairs
76
What kind of mutation causes a more drastic change to a.a sequence and end protein?
Frameshift
77
What is a genotype?
Refers to genetic material passed between generations Aa AA aa
78
What is a phenotype?
Observable characteristics or traits of an organism e.g Blue eyes, brown hair
79
What are the three inheritance models?
1. Autosomal dominant inheritance 2. Autosomal Recessive inheritance 3.X-linked recessive
80
What is autosomal?
Gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes
81
What is dominant?
A single copy of disease-associated mutation os enough to cause disease
82
What is recessive?
Two copies of mutation is required to cause disease
83
What is X-linked inheritance?
Gene is carried by the mother Female children: become carriers Male children: become affected
84
What are polygenic traits?
Traits affected by more than one gene e.g skin colour, hair colour

HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 (16 decks)

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