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HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective evidence that can be observed or measured

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2
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective experience that is apparent to or reported by patient

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3
Q

What is an example of a sign?

A

Vital signs or fever

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4
Q

What is an example of a symptom?

A

Sore throat

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5
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Sudden appearance of signs and symptoms

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6
Q

How long does an acute disease last?

A

Shorter period of time

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7
Q

What is an example of an acute disease?

A

Influenza

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8
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Signs and symptoms develop slowly

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9
Q

How long does a chronic disease last?

A

Lasts for a longer period of time

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10
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Indicates all current cases of the disease
-doesn’t differentiate between old and new cases

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11
Q

What is incidence?

A

Indicates number of new cases

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12
Q

Give an example of incidence vs prevalence if the incidence is 5 new cases a year

A

Yearone:incidence=5cases/Prevalence=5cases
• Yeartwo:incidence=5cases/Prevalence=10cases
• Yearthree:incidence=5cases/Prevalence=15cases

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13
Q

What is a short term disease?

A

Incidence and prevalence stay the same year after year

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14
Q

What is an example of a short term disease?

A

Common cold

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15
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Prevalence tends to increase yearly while incidence stays the same

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16
Q

What is a predisposing factor?

A

Aka a risk factor
Increase the probability of disease occurrence

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17
Q

What is a precipitating factor?

A

Triggers a disease
-condition that causes diseases

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18
Q

What is Morbidity?

A

Condition of being disease

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19
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

Multiple disorders occurring at the same time

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20
Q

What is Mortality?

A

Related to risk of death
e.g 2% of those with COVID-19 will pass away

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21
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

group of signs and symptoms which occur together and
characterize a particular abnormality or condition.
-Greek for concurrence
e.g Down syndrome

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22
Q

What is a Disorder?

A

Abnormality of function

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23
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

Study of tracking patterns of disease occurrence

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24
Q

What is Remission?

A

Symptoms disappear or diminish

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25
Q

What is exacerbation?

A

Sudden increase in severity

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26
Q

What is a Complication?

A

Medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment

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27
Q

What is etiology?

A

Cause of disease

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28
Q

What is Idiopathic?

A

Unknown cause/spontaneous origin

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29
Q

What is latrogenic?

A

Occurs as a result of treatment
e.g Hair loss from cancer treatment

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30
Q

What is nosocomial?

A

Disease originating in the hospital

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31
Q

What are modifiable risk factors?

A

Risk factors that can be controlled to promote health

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32
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double helix with 2 strands held together with hydrogen bonds

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33
Q

What are the 2 basic components of DNA?

A
  1. Backbone: Deoxyribose-phosphate
  2. Nitrogen bases: 4 types (TAGC)
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34
Q

What are the 2 sides of ladder of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose phosphate molecules

35
Q

What are the rungs of the ladder of DNA?

A

Nitrogen bases joined by hydrogen bonds

36
Q

DNA runs in an ___________ nature

A

Antiparallel
(Positive/negative)

37
Q

What does DNA run antiparallel?

A

One strand serves as a template for production of second strand
-Positive strand is a template for negative strand and vice versa

38
Q

Where is the strand of DNA broken?

A

At the replication fork

39
Q

Where do hydrogen bonds form?

A

Between new complementary nucleotides

40
Q

What is the overall result of DNA replication?

A

Two identical copies of original DNA

41
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 sequential nitrogen bases that code for a specific amino acid

42
Q

How many amino acids does the body contain?

A

20

43
Q

What is a protein?

A

Specific combination of amino acids

44
Q

What is DNA transcribed into?

A

mRNA

45
Q

What is mRNA translated into?

A

Proteins (with use of enzymes)

46
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosome

47
Q

What are the two strands of DNA involved in transcription?

A

Coding strand and template strand

48
Q

Describe the movement of the short RNA strand during transcription.

A

The short RNA strand moves over the template strand, and appropriate amino acids are constructed on the RNA strand.

49
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids on RNA represent?

A

The sequence of amino acids on RNA represents a “recipe” for a specific protein.

50
Q

Where does mRNA go after being made in the nucleus?

A

mRNA is moved out of the nucleus to travel to the ribosome to make the protein.

51
Q

What is the first step in protein production involving mRNA and ribosomes?

A

Ribosome subunits join with mRNA.

52
Q

What molecules transport anticodon amino acids to the ribosome during protein production?

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

53
Q

Describe the interaction between tRNA and mRNA during protein production.

A

Anticodons on tRNA base-pair with mRNA codons (amino acid codons).

54
Q

What is formed when a string of anticodons on tRNA interacts with mRNA?

A

A polypeptide

55
Q

How does the process of protein production end?

A

Stop codon on mRNA

56
Q

What are Genes?

A

Segments of DNA that encode for specific proteins

57
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structure that organises DNA into various sections

58
Q

What is genetics?

A

Study of genes, how they carry info, how info is expressed and how genes are replicated

59
Q

What is the result of Mitosis?

A

Two genetically identical 2n daughter cells

60
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

Four genetically unique n daughter cells

61
Q

When does a mutation occur?

A

During DNA replication

62
Q

What is Substitution?

A

1 base is replaced causing an inappropriate sequence of nucleotides making a new amino acid
e.g sickle cell anaemia

63
Q

What is Insertion?

A

Insertion of new inappropriate nucleotide making multiple new amino acids
-all a.a after inserted base change

64
Q

What is deletion?

A

Appropriate nucleotide removed making multiple new amino acids
e.g Cystic fibrosis

65
Q

What allows evolution to occur?

A

Mutation

66
Q

When does no evolution occur?

A

If mutation provides no benefit to the environment

67
Q

When does extinction occur?

A

If mutation provides a negative benefit to environment

68
Q

When does a trait become dominant in environment?

A

If mutation provides a positive benefit to environment

69
Q

What are the 2 types of mutations?

A
  1. Base pair substitutions
  2. Frameshift mutations
70
Q

What are base pair substitutions?

A

One base pair replaces another base pair

71
Q

What are the 2 types of base pair substitutions?

A

Missense
Nonsense

72
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Produce a change in a single a.a

73
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Produce one of three stop codons

74
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

75
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Insertion or deletion of one or ore base pairs

76
Q

What kind of mutation causes a more drastic change to a.a sequence and end protein?

A

Frameshift

77
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Refers to genetic material passed between generations
Aa AA aa

78
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Observable characteristics or traits of an organism
e.g Blue eyes, brown hair

79
Q

What are the three inheritance models?

A
  1. Autosomal dominant inheritance
  2. Autosomal Recessive inheritance
    3.X-linked recessive
80
Q

What is autosomal?

A

Gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes

81
Q

What is dominant?

A

A single copy of disease-associated mutation os enough to cause disease

82
Q

What is recessive?

A

Two copies of mutation is required to cause disease

83
Q

What is X-linked inheritance?

A

Gene is carried by the mother
Female children: become carriers
Male children: become affected

84
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Traits affected by more than one gene
e.g skin colour, hair colour

HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 (16 decks)

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