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HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 > Chapter 36- Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 36- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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2
Q

What layer of the digestive tract is protected by a layer mucus?

A

Mucosa

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3
Q

How many layers of mucus protect the small intestine?

A

Single layer

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4
Q

How many layers of mucus protect the large intestine?

A

2 layers
-Inner and outer layer

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5
Q

What do GI tract disorders disrupt?

A

One or more of the GI tract’s functions

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6
Q

What can structural and neural abnormalities do?

A

Obstruct and Slow/accelerate intestinal contents

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7
Q

What do Inflammatory and ulcerative conditions disrupt?

A

Secretion
Motility
Absorption

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8
Q

What is the Greek word for vomiting?

A

Emesis

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9
Q

What is vomiting?

A

Forceful emptying of the stomach or intestinal contents through the mouth

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10
Q

Where is the vomiting centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What is retching?

A

Muscular event of vominiting without vomitus expulsion

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12
Q

What is projectile vomiting?

A

Spontaneous vomiting that does not follow nausea or retching

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13
Q

What causes projectile vomiting?

A

Direct stimulation of vomit centre

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14
Q

What are symptoms of vomiting?

A

Severe pain
Distention of stomach/duodenum

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15
Q

What initiates vomiting?

A

Deep inhalation and glottis closes

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16
Q

Once vomiting is initiated, what do the abdominal muscles do?

A

Create pressure from stomach to throat

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17
Q

What parts of the GI tract spasm to force chyme into the esophagus?

A

Duodenum
Stomach antrum

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18
Q

During vomiting, what must occur for contents to not be able to enter the mouth?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter has to stay closed

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19
Q

During vomiting if abdominal muscles relax what happens?

A

Contents (in the esophagus) return to the stomach

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20
Q

What finally relaxes both oesophageal sphincters?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

During vomiting, what happens when abdominal muscles contract?

A

Diaphragm is forced into thoracic cavity and chyme is forced out of the mouth

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22
Q

What is constipation?

A

Difficult/infrequent defecation

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23
Q

Why is constipation individually determined?

A

Because there is a wide normal defection range

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24
Q

What is the normal defecation range?

A

1-3/day to 1/wk

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25
Q

What is primary constipation?

A

Impaired, infrequent, and straining colonic movement

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26
Q

What is secondary constipation?

A

Neural pathways are altered causing colon transit time to be delayed

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27
Q

What inhibits bowel movement?

A

Opiates specifically, codeine

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28
Q

A notable change in constipation can be indicative of what?

A

Colorectal cancer

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29
Q

What can straining to defacate (constipation) lead to?

A

Haemorrhoids

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30
Q

How is constapation diagnosed?

A

Spincter tone assessed
Anal lesions detected
Colonoscopy (direct lumen view)

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31
Q

How is constipation treated?

A

OTC laxatives (RestoraLAX)
Enemas
Surgery (colectomy)

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32
Q

Should enemas be used habitually?

A

No they should only be used to determine a bowel routine

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33
Q

What surgery is is used to treat constipation as a last resort?

A

Colectomy
-removing part of the colon

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34
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Loose watery stools

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35
Q

What is acute diarrhoea?

A

24 hrs or less

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36
Q

What is persistent diarrhoea?

A

14-28 days

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37
Q

What is chronic diarrhoea?

A

longer than 4 weeks

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38
Q

Who has higher rates of morbidity/mortality of diarrhoea?

A

Children younger than 5 years old

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39
Q

What is osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Non-absorbable substance in intestine draws excess water to intestine

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40
Q

What is secretory diarrhoea?

A

Excessive mucosal secretion of fluid and electrolytes

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41
Q

What causes secretory diarrhoea?

A

Viruses and bacterial toxins

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42
Q

What virus causes diarrhoea and enteritis?

A

Rotavirus
-RNA virus

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43
Q

What is enteritis?

A

Inflammation of intestinal system

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44
Q

What is motility diarrhoea?

A

Excessive motility causing decreased transit time and decreased fluid absorption leading to diarrhoea

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45
Q

What causes motility diarrhoea?

A

Surgical bypass of area of intestine

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46
Q

How is diarrhoea treated?

A

Restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance
Anti-motility or water absorbent medication

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47
Q

What are the 3 types of diarrhoea?

A

Osmotic
Secretory
Motility

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48
Q

What can cause abdominal pain?

A

mechanical, inflammatory or ischemic causes

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49
Q

What leads to the feeling of abdominal pain?

A

Abdominal organs stretch or distend and activate pain receptors

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50
Q

What are the 2 types of abdominal pain?

A

Parietal pain
Visceral pain

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51
Q

What is parietal pain?

A

from parietal peritoneum
-Pain is localised and intense

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52
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Distention, inflammation, schema of abdominal organ
-Pain is poorly localised and radiates

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53
Q

What part of GI tract is affected by upper gastrointestinal bleeding?

A

Esophagus
stomach
duodenum

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54
Q

Upper gastro-intestinal bleeding: Appearance?

A

Bright red or dark (is affected by stomach acids)

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55
Q

What causes upper gastro-intestinal bleeding?

A

Peptic ulcers
Tearing of oesophageal drastic junction caused by severe retching

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56
Q

What part of GI tract is affected by lower gastrointestinal bleeding?

A

jejunum
ileum
colon
rectum

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57
Q

What causes lower gastro-intestinal bleeding?

A

Polyps
Inflammatory disease
Hemorrhoids

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58
Q

What is occult gastrointestinal bleeding?

A

Slow, chronic blood loss that is not visible/obvious to the patient or physician

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59
Q

What does occult bleeding cause?

A

Anemia

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60
Q

How does gastrointestinal bleeding present itself?

A

Trace amounts of blood in diarrhoea or stool
Blood pressure reduced
Compensatign tachycardia
Vision loss

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61
Q

What are some disorders of motility?

A

Dysphagia
GERD
Hiatal hernia
Intestinal obstruction (IO)
Paralytic Ileum (PI)

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62
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

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63
Q

What are the kinds od dysphagia?

A

Mechanical obstruction
Functional dysphagia
Achalasia

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64
Q

What is mechanical obstruction dysphagia?

A

Obstruction in oesophageal wall like tumours or herniations that make it difficult to swallow

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65
Q

What is functional dysphagia?

A

Neural/muscular disorders that interfere with swallowing

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66
Q

What is a rare kind of dysphagia?

A

Achalasia

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67
Q

What causes achalasia?

A

Smooth muscle neurons of middle/lower esophagus are attacked by immune response

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68
Q

What is the result of achalasia?

A

-Altered oesophageal peristalsis
-Failure of LES to relax (obstruction)
-Cough and aspiration bc food is is forced past LES

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69
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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70
Q

What is reflux?

A

Reflux of acid/pepsin or bile salts into oesophagus causing esophagitis

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71
Q

What causes GERD?

A

Abnormalities in LES function
LES resting tone lower than normal
Delayed gastric emptying of chyme

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72
Q

What does the severity of oesophageal damaged caused by GERD depend on?

A

Composition and duration of reflux

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73
Q

What does increased acidic chyme exposure because of GERD lead to?

A

Mucosal injury and inflammation

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74
Q

If GERD becomes persistent what is the result?

A

Fibrosis thickening and precancerous lesions

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75
Q

How is GERD diagnosed?

A

Esophageal endoscopy
Tissue biopsy

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76
Q

How is GERD treated?

A

Laparoscopic fundoplication to tighten junction between esophagus and stomach to prevent acid reflux

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77
Q

What is a Hiatal hernia?

A

Protrusion (herniation) of superior aspect of stomach through diaphragm hiatal into thorax

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78
Q

What are the 2 kinds of hiatal hernias?

A

Sliding
Paraesophageal

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79
Q

What is a sliding hiatal hernia?

A

Stomach moves into thorax through oesophageal hiatus (opening in diaphragm)

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80
Q

What is Paraesophageal hiatal hernia?

A

Stomach moves into thorax alongside esophagus

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81
Q

What hiatal hernia is GERD associated with?

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

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82
Q

What can paraesophageal hiatal hernias lead to?

A

Gastritis
Ulcer formation

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83
Q

What is a risk associated with hiatal hernias?

A

If the Hernia is strangulated it is a medical emergency

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84
Q

How are hiatal hernias diagnosed?

A

Radiology with barium swallow

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85
Q

How are hiatal hernias treated?

A

Sleeping with your head up
Laparoscopic fundoplication

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86
Q

What is an intestinal obstruction (IO)?

A

Any condition that prevents normal flow of chyme through intestinal lumen

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87
Q

What is paralytic Ileus (functional obstruction)?

A

Failure of intestinal motility due to dysfunctional neural activity after surgery

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88
Q

What is a LBO?

A

Large Bowel Obstruction
-Less common obstruction

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89
Q

What are LBO’s often related to?

A

Cancer

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90
Q

Signs and symptoms of LBO?

A

Abdominal distention and vomiting

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91
Q

What causes a SBO (Small bowel obstruction)?

A

Post-operative adhesions or herniations which lead to distensions/enlargement

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92
Q

IO and PI’s result in distention, distension causes?

A

Impaired absorption and increased secretion causing gas, fluid and solutes to accumulate in the lumen

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93
Q

What causes dehydration and tachycardia and possibly shock (IO)?

A

Systemic ECF fluid osmotically moving into the lumen causing decreased ECF

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94
Q

During intestinal obstructions what happens to the intestinal lumen when ECF moves into it?

A

Lumen becomes acidic and pathogens leak into circulation causing Sepsis and immune response with possibility of remote organ failure

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95
Q

What is Gastritis?

A

Inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa

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96
Q

What is acute gastritis?

A

Erosion of protective stomach mucosal barrier by H. pylori and NSAIDS

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97
Q

How do NSAIDS cause acute gastritis?

A

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which normally stimulates goblet cells to secrete mucus

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98
Q

How does H. pylori cause acute gastritis?

A

Bacteria burrows into mucus layer, disrupts function of mucosal layer and tiggers immune response which further destroys mucosal layer

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99
Q

What are symptoms of gastritis?

A

Pain
Vomiting

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100
Q

How long does it to take to heal from gastritis?

A

Normally within a few days

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101
Q

What is chronic gastritis?

A

Chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa and mucosal atrophy

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102
Q

Who is affected by chronic gastritis?

A

Older adults

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103
Q

What are the 2 kinds of chronic gastritis?

A

Chronic non-immune antral
Chronic immune fundal

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104
Q

What part of stomach is affected by chronic non-immune gastritis?

A

Antrum
aka Antral gastritis

105
Q

What causes chronic non-immune gastritis?

A

H. pylori

106
Q

What does antral gastritis cause?

A

Increased hydrochloric acid secretion which leads to increased risk of duodenal ulcers

107
Q

What part of the stomach is affected by chronic immune gastritis?

A

Body and fundus
aka Fundal gastritis

108
Q

What is chronic immune gastritis?

A

loss of Tcell tolerance resulting in gastric mucosa being extensively degenerated in stomach fundus and body

109
Q

What causes peptic ulcers?

A

H. pylori
NSAIDS

110
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Break or ulceration in protective mucosal lining

111
Q

What are the 3 disorders of peptic ulcers?

A

Duodenal ulcers
Gastric ulcers
Stress-related mucosal disease

112
Q

What kind of peptic ulcers occur more frequently?

A

Duodenal ulcers

113
Q

How are duodenal ulcers caused?

A

Causative factors cause acid and pepsin concentrations to penetrate mucosal barrier and cause ulceration

114
Q

How does the host respond to H. pylori penetrating mucosa?

A

T and B cells, neutrophils combat H. pylori which causes the release of cytokines that damage the gastric epithelium

115
Q

What does H. pylori release to cause ulceration?

A

Toxin that causes apoptosis of epethial cells

116
Q

How common are Gastric ulcers?

A

1/4th as common as duodenal ulcers

117
Q

Where do gastric ulcers develop?

A

In the Gastric antrum (next to acid-producing gastric body)

118
Q

What happens when there is a defect in the mucosal barrier’s permeability? (Gastric ulcers)

A

Allows hydrogen ions (H⁺) to penetrate, compromising the protective layer of the stomach.

119
Q

Describe the resulting cycle of damaged mucosa in the stomach caused by gastric ulcers?

A

When the mucosa is damaged, it liberates histamine, leading to increased production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin, which further destructs the mucosal lining.

120
Q

What kind of ulcer is formed by stress related mucosal disease?

A

Acute form of peptic ulcer

121
Q

What accompanies stress related mucosal disease?

A

Physiological stress
Illness
Major trauma

122
Q

Where are ulcers caused by stress related mucosal disease located?

A

Multiple ulcers located in stomach or duodenum

123
Q

What are the three types of ulcers caused by stress related mucosal disease?

A

Ischemic
Curling
Cushing

124
Q

What are ischemic ulcers?

A

Develop within hours of events such as haemorrhage, heart failure, sepsis

125
Q

What are curling ulcers?

A

Develop because of burn injury

126
Q

What are Cushing ulcers?

A

Develop because of brain trauma/surgery

127
Q

How do environmental factors or infections affect the mucosal epithelium barrier?

A

Alter the mucosal epithelium barrier, leading to a loss of the body’s ability to discriminate harmful pathogens from commensal microorganisms.

128
Q

What is commensal?

A

ssociation between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

129
Q

What is the consequence of the loss of the body’s ability to discriminate harmful pathogens from commensal microorganisms?

A

activation of the immune system and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which results in damage to the intestinal epithelium

130
Q

What are 3 inflammatory bowel diseases?

A
  1. Ulcerative colitis
  2. Chron’s disease
  3. Irritable bowel syndrome
131
Q

What is Ulcerative colitis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulcers in colonic mucosa

132
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis disease begin?

A

In the rectum but may extend to the entire colon

133
Q

How does ulcerative colitis cause necrosis?

A

Small erosions coalesce into ulcers causing necrosis

134
Q

How does ulcerative colitis reduce transit time in the colon?

A

Muscularis mucosa thickens narrowing the lumen

135
Q

Ulcerative colitis causes the urge to what?

A

Defecate

136
Q

How does ulcerative colitis cause the urge to defecate?

A

Mucosal destruction and inflammation causes bleeding and the urge to defecate

137
Q

How does ulcerative colitis stool appear?

A

Water diarrhea (frequently) with small amounts of blood and mucus

138
Q

Ulcerative colitis causes intermittent periods of what?

A

Remission and exacerbation

139
Q

What is a symptom of ulcerative colitis?

A

Diarrhea
10-20 stools/day

140
Q

How is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?

A

Endoscopy and biopsies

141
Q

How is ulcerative colitis treated?

A

Steroids, Medication
Surgery for severe disease

142
Q

What is Chron’s disease?

A

Idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammatory disorder

143
Q

What does Chron’s disease affect?

A

Any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus

144
Q

where does inflammation begin in Chron’s disease?

A

In intestinal submucosa

145
Q

How does inflammation spread in Chron’s disease?

A

Discontinuous (“skip lesions”)
Transmural (across entire wall of organ)

146
Q

Chron’s disease inflammation VS Ulcerative colitis inflammation?

A

Chron’s: Discontinuous, transmural

Ulcerative colitis: Continuous, only mucosal and submucosal layers affected

147
Q

What are the most common sites of disease for Chron’s?

A

Ascending and transverse colon
-But both large and small intestines are common

148
Q

How does Chron’s disease affect the lymphoid tissue?

A

CD ulcerations can produce fissures/fistulae that extend inflammation into lymphoid tissue

149
Q

What increases the risk of developing Chron’s disease and may cause a poorer response to treatment?

A

Smoking

150
Q

How is CD diagnosed/treated?

A

Similar to ulcerative colitis

151
Q

What is fistulae?

A

An abnormal opening or passage between 2 organs
-May form in peri-anal area or extend into bladder, rectum or vagina

152
Q

What is IBS?

A

Characterized by abdominal pain with altered bowel habits (alternating constipation and diarrhea)

153
Q

What is the cause of IBS?`

A

It is idiopathic (unknown cause) with no specific biomarkers for disease

154
Q

What does IBS target?

A

Altered gut microflora

155
Q

IBS is more common in who?

A

Women (1.5 to 3 times greater than in men)
-Higher prevalence during youth and middle age

156
Q

How does IBS manifest?

A

Lower abdominal pain or discomfort and bloating

157
Q

What are the symptoms of IBS?

A

Usually relived with defecation
Does not interfere with sleep

158
Q

Is IBS curable?

A

No cure

159
Q

How is IBS treated?

A

Treatment is individualized

160
Q

What is Appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the appendix

161
Q

What is the hypothesized function of the appendix?

A

It contains lymphoid tissue which provides a safe house for commensal bacterium for repopulation of intestinal system

162
Q

What is the most common surgical emergency of the abdomen?

A

Appendicitis surgery
-Appendectomy

163
Q

What age does Appendicitis usually occur?

A

10-19 years old
-can occur at any age tho

164
Q

How does appendicitis manifest?

A

Mild pain increases to intense pain in 3-4 hours
Nausea
Vomiting

165
Q

How is appendicitis treated?

A

Laparoscopic surgery
-Surgical procedure that allows access to viscera without creating a large incision

166
Q

What is the common hypothesis of appendicitis?

A

Obstruction of the appendix lumen blocks drainage of the appendix.

167
Q

What happens when the lumen of the appendix is obstructed?

A

mucosal secretions continue, leading to increased intraluminal pressure

168
Q

What is the consequence of increased intraluminal pressure in the appendix?

A

Reduced blood flow causes the appendix to become hypoxic and leads to ulceration

169
Q

How does ulceration affect the appendix in appendicitis?

A

Ulceration promotes bacterial invasion, triggering an immune response and inflammation.

170
Q

What serious complication can develop in the appendix due to prolonged inflammation?

A

Gangrene

171
Q

What are the four main disorders of the liver?

A
  1. Hepatic Encephalopathy
  2. Jaundice (Icterus)
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Viral Hepatitis
172
Q

What is encephalopathy?

A

Brain disease that alters brain function or structure

173
Q

What is Hepatic encephalopathy?

A

A complex neurological syndrome characterized by impaired behavioural, cognitive and motor function

174
Q

How does Hepatic encephalopathy affect neurotransmission and brain function?

A

A combination of biochemical alterations

175
Q

What causes liver dysfunction associated with Hepatic encephalopathy?

A

The development of collateral vessels that shunt blood around liver to systemic circulation

176
Q

What is the consequence of blood being shunted around the liver in hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Shunt permits toxins absorbed from the GI tract (normally removed by the liver) to circulate to the brain.

177
Q

How do toxins affect the brain in hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Toxins alter cerebral energy metabolism, interfere with neurotransmission, and cause edema.

178
Q

Which toxin is most hazardous in hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Ammonia

179
Q

What are the effects of ammonia circulating the brain due to Hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Astrocytes swell, alter the blood-brain barrier and promote cerebral edema

180
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

Yellowing pigmentation of the skin

181
Q

What is the cause of Jaundice?

A

Hyperbillirubinemia
-Increased plasma bilirubin concentration

182
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

A component of Hb breakdown that is normally removed from blood by the liver

183
Q

Increased plasma bilirubin concentration indicates what?

A

Liver damage

184
Q

What are the 2 types of jaundice/icterus?

A

Obstructive jaundice
Hemolytic jaundice

185
Q

What is obstructive jaundice?

A

Occlusion of common bile duct by gall stones, tumor, etc.

186
Q

How does obstructive jaundice lead to increased plasma [bilirubin] (cause jaundice)?

A

The blockage prevents bilirubin from flowing to the duodenum and it accumulates in the liver, which then enters the bloodstream

187
Q

What is Hemolytic jaundice?

A

Excessive production of bilirubin from excessive hemolysis of RBC

188
Q

How does hemolytic jaundice lead to increased plasma [bilirubin] (cause jaundice)?

A

Plasma [bilirubin] exceeds the liver’s ability to process it and increases

189
Q

How does Jaundice manifest?

A

-Darkened urine (noticeable several days before)
-Bacterial infections
-Yellowing of sclera of eye (first yellowing of the skin that appears)

190
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

Irreversible fibrotic scarring of liver in response to inflammation and tissue damage

191
Q

Liver cirrhosis is the final step of what diseases?

A

Chronic liver diseases

192
Q

What does the scar tissue caused by fibrosis cause?

A

Blood flow obstruction

193
Q

When liver blood flow is obstructed by Cirrhosis what happens?

A

Jaundice
Increased portal hypertension
Cellular dysfunction

194
Q

How does Cirrhosis lead to liver failure?

A

Regeneration of the liver is disrupted by hypoxia causing necrosis and atrophy

195
Q

How does Cirrhosis manifest?

A

The liver gets a cobbly appearance and is hard upon palpitation

196
Q

What are the types of Cirrhosis?

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Biliary cirrhosis

197
Q

What is Alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

Toxic effects of alcohol on the liver causing immune alterations

198
Q

How does alcohol cause alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

Alcohol is transformed into acetaldehyde which activates hepatic stellate cells. Stellate cells are hyperactivated resulting in collagen formation causing fibrosis and scarring

199
Q

The damage caused by alcohol on the liver/stellate cells results in what?

A

Translocation of gut microbiota

200
Q

What is Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Infiltration of hepatocytes with triglycerides

201
Q

What is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease commonly associated with?

A

Obesity
High blood triglyceride concentration
High cholesterol levels

202
Q

What is biliary cirrhosis?

A

Damage and inflammation leading to cirrhosis begins in bile ducts rather than hepatocytes

203
Q

What are the two kinds of biliary cirrhosis?

A

Primary
Secondary

204
Q

What is primary biliary cirrhosis caused by?

A

Chronic, autoimmune liver disease
-T cells and anti-mitochondrial antibodies

205
Q

How is the bile duct obstructed in primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Bile ducts are damaged causing fibrosis which obstructs the bile duct

206
Q

What causes secondary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Caused by obstruction of common bile ducts by gallstones, tumours, etc.

207
Q

What is Viral hepatitis?

A

Common systemic disease that primarily affects the liver

208
Q

What are the 5 types of Hepatitis?

A

A, B, C, D, E

209
Q

All 5 types of Hepatitis can cause what?

A

Jaundice

210
Q

How does Hepatitis affect the liver?

A

The invasion of pathogens causes hepatic cell necrosis and scarring

211
Q

How is further cell injury promoted by Hepatitis?

A

Immune response

212
Q

What types of hepatitis produce the most severe damage?

A

Hepatitis B and C

213
Q

What virus can Hepatitis co-infect with?

A

HIV

214
Q

Why can a co-infection of Hepatitis and HIV occur?

A

Because the viruses share the same route of transmission (contact between infected body fluids)

215
Q

A co-infection promotes what?

A

Rapid progression of Liver disease

216
Q

How is Hepatitis diagnosed?

A

Based upon the presence of viral antibodies

217
Q

How is Hepatitis treated?

A

Viral replication suppression

218
Q

Is Hepatitis preventable?

A

Yes Hep B vaccine is available for all age groups

219
Q

What are some common gallbladder disorders?

A

Obstruction
Inflammation

220
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Aggregates of bile

221
Q

WHat causes gallbladder inflammation?

A

Gallstones block flow of bile in and out of the gallbladder

222
Q

What is the term for gallstone formation?

A

Cholelithiasis

223
Q

What is the term for gallbladder inflammation?

A

Cholecystitis

224
Q

What happens in obstructive pancreatic disease?

A

There is a backup of pancreatic secretion, leading to the release and activation of pancreatic enzymes within acinar cells.

225
Q

What is the result of enzyme activation within acinar cells in the pancreas?

A

The enzymes cause autodigestion of pancreatic cells and tissues, leading to inflammation.

226
Q

What are the consequences of autodigestion in the pancreas?

A

Vascular damage
Necrosis
Pseudocysts formation

227
Q

What are pseudocysts?

A

Walled-off collections of pancreatic secretions

228
Q

What is the main cause of further developments in pancreatic disease?

A

Alcohol abuse

229
Q

How does alcohol abuse affect the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells metabolize ethanol into toxic metabolites that release acinar digestive enzymes.

230
Q

What is the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on the pancreas?

A

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to the destruction of acinar cells, which causes tissue destruction that is replaced with fibrosis, leading to pancreatic cysts.

231
Q

How is Pancreatic obstructive disease treated?

A

Alcohol cessation

232
Q

What are some cancers affecting the GI Tract?

A

Cancer of the Esophagus
Cancer of the Stomach
Cancer of the Colon and Rectum

233
Q

What cancer forms in esophageal cancer?

A

Carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of epithelium

234
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas initiate?

A

Epithelial glandular cells

235
Q

Where do carcinomas initiate?

A

Epethilial squamous cells

236
Q

How does cancer of the esophagus manifest?

A

Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) and chest pain

237
Q

What makes you more at risk to getting cancer of the esophagus?

A

Alcohol combined with smoking or chewing tobacco

238
Q

What cancer forms in Stomach cancer?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma associated with H. pylori

239
Q

What promotes the development of stomach cancer?

A

Heavily salted and preserved foods

240
Q

How does salt enhance the development of stomach cancer?

A

Salt enhances the conversion of nitrates to carcinogenic nitrosamines

241
Q

What is the most common form of cancer?

A

Carcinoma
-Adenocarcinoma = subtype of carcinoma

242
Q

What cancer forms in colon and rectum cancer?

A

Colon adenocarcinoma associated with pre-existed polyps

243
Q

How does colon and rectal cancer manifest?

A

Pain, bloody stool and change in bowel habits

244
Q

Where do rectal carcinomas occur?

A

Close to anus
-Spread to female vagina and male prostate

245
Q

What are some cancers of accessory digestive organs?

A

Cancer of the Liver
Cancer of the Gallbladder
Cancer of the Pancreas

246
Q

What is the leading cause of world-wide cancer deaths?

A

Liver cancer

247
Q

What are primary liver cancers associated with?

A

Chronic liver disease
-Hepatitis and Cirrhosis

248
Q

What form of cancer develops in liver cancer?

A

hepatocellular carcinomas
Cholangiocellular carcinomas

249
Q

What do hepatocellular carcinomas arise from?

A

Hepatocytes

250
Q

What are cholangiocellular carcinomas?

A

A rare form of cancer that develops in bile ducts

251
Q

Does liver cancer metastasize?

A

yes, can metastasize to many other organs

252
Q

When is gallbladder cancer most common?

A

between age 50-60

253
Q

What is the most common cancer form causing Gallbladder cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

254
Q

Does gallbladder cancer metastasise?

A

Yes to lymph vessels

255
Q

When does metastasis of gallbladder cancer often occur?

A

Before diagnosis
-prognosis is poor if it metastasizes

256
Q

What is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Canada?

A

Pancreatic cancer

257
Q

What cancer forms in pancreatic cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma in the exocrine component of the pancreas

258
Q

When does metastasis of pancreatic cancer often occur?

A

Before diagnosis

HLSC 222 Pathophysiology 🧫 (16 decks)

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