chapter 4

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring knowledge skills, or behaviours through experiences.

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

Repeated association of 2 different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response
Include before, during and after conditioning stages
- Involuntary response
Passive participation

Question 3

1st before conditioning

Answer 3

• Neutral stimulus (NS) - produces no significant response prior to conditioning (bell)
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - produces an unconscious response (food)
  Unconditioned response - naturally occurring behaviour in response to stimulus (salivating)

Question 4

2nd during conditioning

Answer 4

The NS (bell) is repeatedly paired with the UCS (food), which in turn produces the UCR (salivating)
The NS (bell) is to be presented half of a second before the UCS (food)

Question 5

3rd after conditioning

Answer 5

Conditioned stimulus, (originally the neutral stimulus) that produces the UCR after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response, which is the response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented.

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

3 stage process whereby the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that it will reoccur.
- Voluntary response
- Anecdote (triggers the behaviour or initiates)
- Behaviour (individual acts upon their environment)
- Consequence (shapes or guides the behaviour)

Question 7

types of consequences

Answer 7

Addition
- Positive reinforcement (add a desirable stimulus)
- Positive punishment (add a undesirable stimulus)
Removal
- Negative punishment (removal of desirable stimulus)
Negative reinforcement (removal of an undesirable stimulus

Question 8

effectiveness of consequences

Answer 8

• Learner is an active participant of the process
• Reinforcement or punishment should be after the desired response
  Most effective immediately after the response has occurred

Question 9

observational learning

Answer 9

Socio-cognitive approach, involves watching behaviour of a model and the association consequence of that behaviour
- The model is the person being observed
More active process than either classical or operant conditioning

Question 10

5 stages of observational learning

Answer 10

1. Attention (actively watching)
2. Retention (learner storing mental representation of the behaviour)
3. Reproduction (ability physically replicate)
4. Motivation (desire)
   
   • Intrinsic - from within
   • Extrinsic - external
5. Reinforcement (positive outcome after behaviour)
   
   • Self (proud)
   • External (receiving an award)
     Vicarious

Question 11

aboriginal process of learning

Answer 11

Learning is a process writing a system of knowledge, knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social physical and spiritual understanding.
- Story sharing (narratives)
- Learning maps (planning and visualizing)
- Non - verbal (dance, art and observation)
- Symbols and images (learning through images etc.)
- Land links (knowledge thru links to nature, land and country)
- Non-linear (knowledge from diff. viewpoints to build new understandings)
- Deconstruct/reconstruct (breaking down concepts into apart to the apply it)
- Community (learning emmbedded into the community and values)