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psychology 3/4 > AOS 2 > Flashcards

AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sleep as a psychological construct

A

An agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena that cannot be overtly measured or observed.

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2
Q

Sleep

A

A regular and naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that involves a loss of awareness and disengagement with internal and external stimuli

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3
Q

REM Sleep

A

A types of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity and low levels of physical activity
- Low levels of movement

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4
Q

NREM sleep

A

A types sleep characterised by lack of rapid eye movement and is subdivided into 3 different stages.
* NREM 1: transition b/w awake and into light sleep. Hypnogenic state, loses awareness of surrounding but still hears faint noises
* NREM 2: spend majority of their time asleep in this stage, relatively light sleep.
* NREM 3: deep sleep, if sleeper is woken they are likely to feel drowsy and disoriented. Sleep walking and talking occur

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5
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain
DARE - brain
- stages -
REM - higher frequency/lower amplitude
NREM 1. - high frequency/low amplitude (transition stage)
NREM 2. - medium frequency/medium amplitude (light sleep)
NREM 3. - lower frequency/higher amplitude (deep sleep)

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6
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

A device that detects, amplifies and record the activity of the body’s muscles
* During REM sleep: low activity due to low levels of physiological activity during this stage
During NREM: medium/moderates activity. As progresses through NREM sleep stages and EMG is likely to show lower activity

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7
Q

Electro-oculography

A

A device that detects, amplifies, records the electrical activity of the muscles responsible for eye movement
* REM sleep - high activity of rapid eye movement.
* NREM sleep - low activity

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8
Q

Sleep Diaries

A

A record containing self-reported descriptions from an individual about their sleeping periods, including an estimated time spent sleeping and judgement they might have about the quality and nature of their sleep

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9
Q

Video Monitoring

A

Use of camera and audio technologies to record an individual as they sleep

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10
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Biological and behavioural changes that occur as a part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours
- Sleep-wake cycle: 24hours cycles that is made up of time spent sleeping and time spent awake and alert

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11
Q

Ultradian Rhythms

A

Biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours

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12
Q

What is SCN
suprachiasmatic

A

The SCN is an area of the hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating and individuals sleep-wake patterns

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13
Q

melatonin

A

A hormone released by the pineal gland typically at night time to induce sleep as a part of the sleep-wake cycle.
* Pineal gland - gland in the brain responsible for the production and release of melatonin

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14
Q

SCN regulating the sleep-wake cycle at night time

A
  1. The SCN receives external cues (light detected from the eye). The SCN receives internal cues
    1. After receiving both internal and external cues, the SCN send neural messages (signals)to the pineal gland to produce and release melatonin
      The pineal gland releases melatonin into the bloodstream, which promotes feelings of calm and relaxation, therefore promoting sleep.
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15
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Inadequate quantity and/or quality of sleep

  • Full deprivation -
    When and individual has no sleep within a 24 hour period
  • Partial Sleep -Deprivation
    When an individual sleep for some duration within a 24 hours period, but the sleep duration is too short or the quality of sleep is poor.
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16
Q

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

A

Affective
* Poor emotional regulation
* Irritability and moodiness
* Increase in negative emotions
* Reduced ability to cope with stress
* Aggression
Mood swings

  • Behavioural effects -
    • Sleep inertia (sense of disorientation after waking)
    • Excessive sleepiness during the day
    • Increased likelihood or engaging in risk-taking behaviour
    • Fatigue/lack of energy
    • Slowed reaction time
    • Reduced efficiency
    • Reduced motor control
  • Cognitive Effects
    • Reduced concentration
    • Impairment of STM therefore decreased ability to actively process and manipulate info
    • Diminished ability to perform cognitive tasks
    • Lapses in attention
    • Impaired decision making and problem solving abilities
      Illogical thinking
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17
Q

BAC Levels vs Sleep

A
  • a BAC of 0.05 is roughly equivalent to 17 hours of sleep deprivation (partial sleep deprivation).
    a BAC of 0.10 is roughly equivalent to 24 hours of sleep deprivation (full sleep deprivation).
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18
Q

Affective effect of BAC

A
  • Negatively affects and alters someone’s emotional function
    • More irritable and sensitive
      Affects feelings of happy, excited, angry, and sad.
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19
Q

Cognitive effects of BAC

A
  • Slower mental processes sch as reduced speed in processing and understanding info
    • Decreased ability to reason and problem solve
    • Greater difficulty making sense of the world
    • Reduced ability to make decisions
      Cognitive distortions
20
Q

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome

A

A type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which sleep and waking occur later than usual.
* Caused by misalignment b/w external and internal cues that regulate the circadian rhythm
Melatonin secretion to occur later

21
Q

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder

A

A type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which sleep and waking occur earlier than usual.
* Misalignment b/w external and internal cues that regulate the circadian rhythm
Melatonin secretion occurring earlier

22
Q

Shift Work

A

An occupation that involves working at unusual hours, such as working overnight
* Difficulty in initiating sleep and waking whilst adjusting from one shift to another
* Cause of sleep problems
* Caused by problem with external cues
Effects include
* Insomnia (difficulty in falling asleep)
* Fragmented sleep
* Circadian rhythm phase disorder
Quality and quantity of sleep affected

23
Q

Bright-light-therapy

A

A method used to adjust a person’s circadian rhythm through exposure to a high-intensity light source
1. An individual is exposed to bright light source
2. The SCN receives this as an external cue, which acts as a biological mechanism to regulate the sleep-wake cycle
This readjusts the circadian rhythm and ensures that sleeping and waking occurs at desired time

24
Q

how can Bright light therapy used for treatment

A

DSPS - exposure in the morning at an appropriate waking time. external cue to the SCN to promote wakefulness by sending signals to release cortisol and inhibit melatonin secretion
ASPD - exposure in evening when feeling sleepy. External cue to the SCN and promote wakefulness. Helps the SCN to send signals for melatonin release later.

25
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A

The practices and habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns
* Improves the quality and quantity of sleep
Include
* Time
* Sound
* Light
* Tech
* Bed habits
* Food and drink
* Exercise

26
Q

Zeitgebers

A

External cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm
- daylight/blue light
- temperature
- eating an Drinking patterns

27
Q

mental wellbeing

A

An individuals psychological state, including their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions.

28
Q

considering MW - levels of functioning

A

The degree to which an individual can complete day-to-day tasks in an independent and effective manner
High levels of Functioning
* Carry out basic tasks
* Productive in completing daily tasks
* Set goals and achieve them
* Independent
* Adapt to changes in the environment

29
Q

Considering MW - Resilience

A

The ability to cope with and manage change and uncertainty. Ability to overcome stressors and recover from challenges presented
High levels of resilience
* Seek solution to problems
* Use appropriate coping strategies
* Be flexible in changing circumstances
Optimistic and hopeful

30
Q

Considering MW - social and emotional wellbeing

A

Social: the ability for an individual to form and maintain meaningful bonds with others, and adapt to different social situations
Emotional: the ability for an individual to appropriately control and express their own emotions in an adaptive way, as well as understand the emotions of others

31
Q

SEWB dimensions

A
  1. body
  2. mind and emotions
  3. family and kinship
  4. community
  5. culture
  6. country
  7. spirituality and ancestors
32
Q

stress

A

a psychological and physiological experience that occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and/or efforts to cope.
* Stress can be positive and negative
Moderate to high part of mental health continuum

33
Q

anxiety

A

A psychological and physiological response that involves feelings of worry and apprehension about a perceived threat
* Broader than stress - unknown stimulus
* Future orientated

34
Q

Specific Phobia

A

A type of diagnosable anxiety disorder that is categorized by excessive and disproportionate fear when encountering or anticipating the encounter of a particular stimulus
* Significant disruption to daily life tasks
* Low levels of mental wellbeing when encountering phobic stimulus

35
Q

Biological Factors - internal, genetic and or physiologically based

A

GABA dysfunction
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human ns that regulates postsynaptic activation in neural pathways.
Dysfunction - insufficient neural transmission or reception of GABA in the body. Due to low level/production or insufficient reception or transmission of GABA across the synapse.
Contributes to development of a phobia

  • long Term Potentiation -
    Long lasting and experience-dependant strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly activated.
    • Strengthens association b/w neural signals in perception of stimuli and activating fear response
    • Repeated coactivation - signals perceive phobic stimulus readily
36
Q

Psychological factors

A

Classical conditioning
Learning through involuntary association of two or more stimuli. CC contributes to the development of phobias by increasing susceptibility to and contributing to their occurrence.
- Precipitating factors (through cc) are factors that increase the susceptibility to and contribute to the occurrence of developing a certain phobia.

  • Operant Conditioning -
    Learning thought the association of a behaviour and the consequence it receives.
    Perpetuating Factors are factors that inhibit a person’s ability to recover from a specific phobia.
    Therefore OP perpetuates phobias by preventing an individual from overcoming them.
    • Avoidance behaviours of phobias are negatively reinforced
  • Cognitive bias
37
Q

Social Factors - phobia

A
  • Specific Environmental Triggers -
    Stimuli or experiences in a person’s environment that evoke an extreme stress response, leading to the development of a phobia.
    • Direct confrontation
    • Observation
    • Learning/indirect confrontation
  • Stigma around Seeking Treatment -
    Stigma refers to the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others.
    • Feelings of shame lead to phobias being untreated - contributing to the development and maintenance of specific phobia.
    • Stigma causes people to not seek treatment or professional help
    • Isolated
38
Q

Biological interventions - phobia

A
  • GABA Agonists -
    Benzodiazepines - a type of medication that depresses CNS activity and is often used as a short-acting anti-anxiety medication
    Agonists - type of drug that imitates neurotransmitters and works to initiate a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) when it binds to the receptor sites of a neuron
    • Benzo can treat GABA dysfunction as an agonist the benzo binds to the GABA receptor sites and mimic the effects of GABA to increase it inhibitory response = relieving anxiety it causes and leading to relaxed muscles
      How it works
      1. Benzo binds to a GABA receptor site on a postsynaptic neuron
      2. The benzo increase the effectiveness of GABA when it bonds to the same receptor sties and mimic its effects
      3. GABA is able to then have an inhibitory effect - reducing neurons likelihood to fire
  • Breathing Training -
39
Q

Psychological interventions - Cognitive behavioral Therapy

A

Encourages individuals to substitute dysfunctional cognitions and behaviours with more adaptive ones
* Cognitive component
- Identify negative thoughts and feeling about the issue
- Replacing these negative thoughts and feelings with more positive ones
- Memory bias, catastrophic thinking, embarrassment
* Behavioural Component
- Identify negative behaviours relating to the issue
- Developing and maintaining more positive behaviours
- Avoidance behaviours, not seeking help, avoiding social activities

40
Q

Psychological interventions - Systematic Desensitization

A

A therapeutic technique used to overcome phobias that involves a patient being exposed incrementally to increasingly anxiety-inducing stimuli, combines with the use of relaxation techniques
Process
1. Learning of relaxation techniques
2. Development of fear hierarchy
3. Gradual step-by-step exposure
4. The continuation of the systematic exposure - until it produces no phobic response

41
Q

Social interventions - psychoeducation

A

Teaching families and supporters of individuals with mental health disorders how to better understand, deal with and treat their disorder
* Challenge unrealistic or anxious thoughts of the individual
Not encourage avoidance behaviours

42
Q

Protective factors - biological

A
  • Adequate Nutrition and Hydration
    When the type and amount of food and drink that an individual consumes to meet their physical needs
    • Reduces mental health disorders - promoting higher levels of mental wellbeing
  • adequate Sleep
    Link b/w poor sleep and mental illness.
    Good sleep is likely to reduce the likelihood of mental health disorders and promote mental wellbeing - protective factor
    • Nutrition and sleep can affect mw.
    • Mw can influence nutrition and sleep
      Such as adequate nutrition can be a protective factor for depression. However depressions can impair an individual’s appetite
43
Q

Social Protective Factors

A

Support
Refers to genuine and effective assistance provided by family, friends and community
* Provide comfort and reassurance
* Genuinely aims to promote mental wellbeing
* Is focused on creating an environment that is likely to improve mw
* Legitimate and effective advice

44
Q

Cultural determinants of wellbeing

A

Factors that influence wellbeing on individual and community levels
- cultural continuity
- self-determination

45
Q

Cultural Continuity

A

The passing down and active practice of cultural knowledge, traditions and values from generation to generation
* Engaging in arts, music, dance, theatre, writing, storytelling

46
Q

Self Determination

A

The rights of all peoples to pursue freely there economic, social and cultural development without outside interference
* Aboriginal community-controlled organisations
* Established partnerships b/w communities, gov. , and non-gov organisations.
* Constitutional recognition for Aboriginals and Torres strait islander people

psychology 3/4 (3 decks)

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