Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BCSC > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

Taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of several simultaneously possibly objects of trains of thought.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 main aspects of consciousness for attention?

A

Focalization and concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 6 varieties of attention?

A

External
Internal
Overt
Covert
Divided
Sustained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

External attention

A

Attending to stimuli in world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Internal attention

A

one line of thought over another
selecting one response over another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Overt attention

A

Directing a sense organ toward a stimulus, like pointing eyes or turning head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Covert attention

A

Attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Divided attention

A

Splitting attention between two stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sustained attention

A

Continuously monitoring some stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we need attention

A

There are a lot of inputs at once. Lets us restrict processing to a subset of things, ideas, places, or moments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the study of attention primarily concerned with

A

Cognitive resources and their limitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is selective attention

A

Form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cocktail party effect

A

In a cocktail party, a person couldnt attend to all conversations taking place at once. However, everyone has the ability to selectively listen to one convo, leading the rest to become unattended to and therefore background noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What question does the dichotic listening task seek to solve

A

How much information do we process about things we arent paying attention to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the dichotic listening task

A

Different messages simultaneously presented to right and left ears via headphones. Participants asked to repeat aloud (shadow) just one of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a bottleneck theory of attention

A

Broadbents filter theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two aspects of broadbents filter theory

A

Filter selects one message to process
Selection occurs early, before meaning is processed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the problem with broadbents filter theory

A

The cocktail party effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two limitations of broadbents filter theory

A

Shadowing performance disrupted when listener hears own name in unattended message

People notice/remember hearing their name even if in a message that’s supposed to be blocked by attention filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the modified filter theory called

A

Attenuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who founded the attenuation theory

A

Anne Treisman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three aspects of the attenuation theory

A

Unattended messages not completely blocked

turn down the volume on unattended messages

Selection based partly on meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two other approaches to attention theory

A

Spotlight model
Zoom lens model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the spotlight model

A

Attention restricted in space and moves from one point to the next. Areas within spotlight receive extra processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the zoom lens model

A

The attended region grows/shrinks depending on size of area being processed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain kahneman’s view of attention as a resource

A

Availability of mental resources affected by state of arousal

Choose to allocate attention based on enduring preferences, momentary intentions, and evaluation of capacity demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does arousal determine according to Kahneman’s view of attention

A

Amount of resources that are available to allocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Who founded the schema theory of attention

A

Neisser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the schema theory of attention

A

We dont filter or attenuate unwanted material, we just dont acquire it in the first place

Many unexpected events are never noticed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the Neisser and Becklen 1975 study

A

Subjects watch 40 second clip and are told to pay attention to the players in the black shirt, counting the number of times they bass the basketball

A woman walking with an umbrella is shown at the end of the clip. Subjects are asked if they noticed her.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice a fully-visible, unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is change blindness

A

change in visual stimulus is introduced and observer doesnt notice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is divided attention

A

The ability to integrate in parallel multiple stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is divided attention synonymous with

A

Multi-tasking

35
Q

What is the objective when teaching the skill of divided attention

A

Improve learner’s ability to attend to 2+ things at once

36
Q

What are the two aspects of the attention hypothesis of automatization

A

Attention needed during practice phase
Attention determines what gets learned

37
Q

Who founded the attention hypothesis of automatization

A

Logan and Etherton

38
Q

How does attention relate to magic

A

Magic is a game of attention, and it is based on the idea that people cannot simultaneously focus attention on multiple tasks

39
Q

What happens with practice

A

Activities require less cognitive capacity

40
Q

What is the Stroop effect

A

cognitive interference - delay in reaction time occurs due to mismatch in stimuli

41
Q

What is an example of the stroop effect

A

A color spelled out, but the text is in a color other than the one spelled

42
Q

What are the three characteristics of automatic processing

A

Occurs without intention
Occurs without conscious awareness
Doesnt interfere with other mental activity

43
Q

What is the feature integration theory

A

Theory that we perceive objects in two distinct stages

44
Q

What is the first stage of feature integration theory

A

Automatic stage - register features like color/shape

45
Q

What is the second stage of feature integration theory

A

Combine features into a unified object

46
Q

What happens when attention is divided/overloaded in terms of the feature integration theory (and what is this called)

A

Illusory conjunction - We make errors in gluing features together

47
Q

What is an example of illusory conjunction

A

If we see a red Honda and a blue Cadillac, we may remember seeing a red Cadillac

48
Q

Who developed the feature integration theory

A

Anne Treisman

49
Q

What did Anne Treisman tudy

A

The role of attention and automaticity in perception

50
Q

What two types of research practices are involved in feature integration theory

A

Single feature search
Conjunction search

51
Q

What is an example of an attentional capture

A

A single number pops out against a background of letters, regardless of how many letters there are

52
Q

What type of process is an attentional capture

A

Bottom up process

53
Q

What is covert attention

A

Paying attention without moving eyes

54
Q

What is overt attention

A

Selectively processing one location over others by moving eyes to point at that location

55
Q

How does covert attention operate

A

Outside the center of gaze, shifting neural resources away from the foveola

56
Q

How are neural resources shifted away from foveola in covert attention

A

Enhanced spatial resolution, discrimination, and processing speed of stimuli at the attended location

57
Q

What is endogenous attention

A

Attention directed toward stimulus voluntarily

58
Q

What is exogenous attention

A

Attention automatically and rapidly drawn toward a stimulus

59
Q

How long does endogenous attention take

A

> 300ms

60
Q

How long does exogenous attention take

A

150ms or less

61
Q

What tool is used for studying selective attention in the laboratory

A

Cuing

62
Q

What are the two types of cues

A

Symbolic and stimulus

63
Q

Symbolic cues

A

Orient attention toward another location

64
Q

Stimulus cues

A

Orient attention to the stimulated location

65
Q

What is the reaction time definition in cuing

A

A measure of the time from onset of a stimulus to response

66
Q

What is a cue

A

A stimulus that might indicate where/what a subsequent stimulus will be

67
Q

What are the three ways cues can be portrayed

A

Valid (correct info)
Invalid (incorrect info)
Neutral (uninformative)

68
Q

What is the posner cueing paradigm

A

probe detection experiment where spatial validity between cue location and target location is manipulated

69
Q

What are the reaction times in the posner cueing paradigm

A

Shorter on valid cue trials (target present at cued location)
Longer on invalid cue trials (target present at non-cued location)

70
Q

What is mindfulness mediation

A

Stay focused on the moment

71
Q

What is mindfulness meditation correlated with (2 things)

A

Higher satisfaction with life and activation of prefrontal cortex

72
Q

What could attention enhance

A

The processing of a specific type of stimulus

73
Q

What two types of stimuli have enhanced processing when paid attention to

A

Fusiform face area
Parahippocampal place area

74
Q

What is the fusiform face area

A

An area in fusiform gyrus of human extrastriate cortex that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies

75
Q

What is the parahippocampal place area

A

Region of cortex in temporal lobe of humans that appears to respond strongly to images of places (as opposed to isolated objects)

76
Q

What is an example of a disorder of visual attention

A

Neglext

77
Q

What is neglect and how is it caused

A

Visual field defect where one side of the world is not attended to as a result of damage to the parietal lobe

78
Q

When is neglect most prominenet and long-lasting

A

After damage to the right hemisphere of the brain, particularly following a stroke

79
Q

What are individuals with right sided brain damage unaware of

A

Objects to their left

80
Q

What is a contralesional field

A

Visual field on the side opposite of a brain lesion

81
Q

Give an example of contralesional field

A

Points to left of fixation are contralesional to damage to right hemisphere of brain

82
Q

What is ipsilateral field

A

Visual field on the same side as brain lesion

83
Q

What happens neurologically when a person demonstrates visual neglect

A

Although stimuli to neglected side isnt reported, it may be processed to a substantial degree- to the level of its identity or meaning

84
Q

What have functional imaging studies demonstrated in terms of visual neglect

A

Activation in intact early visual areas even when patients have no conscious awareness for visual stimuli

BCSC (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions