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BCSC > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define perception

A

The process of taking sensory information and interpreting it meaningfully

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2
Q

What is the central problem of perception

A

Explaining how we attach meaning to sensory info

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3
Q

What two things do cognitive psychologists seek to understand in terms of perception

A

how people learn and understand object’s function
role of learning in perception

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4
Q

What are distal stimuli

A

Objects in the real world

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5
Q

What is a proximal stimulus

A

Received information, registered by the senses

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6
Q

What is a percept

A

The meaningful interpretation of a proximal stimulus

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7
Q

What is the gestalt approach

A

stimuli close in space and time grouped into patterns/wholes with properties that individual stimuli lack

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8
Q

What is a simpler way of describing the gestalt approach

A

Interpreting the stimulus arrays as consisting of objects and backgrounds

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9
Q

What are the five gestalt principles of organization

A

proximity
similarity
good continuation
closure
common fate
(Perceive Some Girl Called Caroline)

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10
Q

What is the principle of proximity

A

leads us to group together objects that are nearer to each other

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11
Q

Principle of similarity

A

We perceive elements that are similar in groups

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12
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

We group together objects that would form a continuous straight or curved line

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13
Q

Principle of closure

A

We perceive objects as closed, complete figures, even when we have to mentally “fill in the gaps” to do so

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14
Q

Principle of common fate

A

Elements that move together will be grouped together

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15
Q

What do the five gestalt principles of organization make up

A

Law of pragnanz

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16
Q

What are the three theories of the bottom-up processes

A

Template matching
Featural analysis
Prototype matching

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17
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Distal stimulus -> processing

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18
Q

What is template matching

A

pattern recognition happens by comparing stimulus pattern to mental images of patterns until match is found

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19
Q

What are the three problems with template matching

A

have to store large set of templates
Recognizing new objects
Recognizing variations on an object, such as a sentence written in different handwriting

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20
Q

What is featural analysis

A

Assumes we analyze a stimulus into parts called features in order to recognize the whole

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21
Q

What is the benefit of featural analysis

A

Fits neurological evidence for feature detectors in the retinas of some animals. Certain cells respond strongly to borders between light and dark and are called edge-detectors

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22
Q

Who founded featural analysis

A

Hubel and Wiesel

23
Q

How did Hubel and Wiesel study featural analysis

A

Stimulus shown to cat with a recording electrode in the visual area of brain

24
Q

Who founded the theory of object recognition

A

Biederman

25
Q

Describe the object of recognition

A

People segment objects into simple geometric componenets combined to form common objects

26
Q

What are simple geometric components known as

A

Geons

27
Q

What are the three limits of featural models

A

No definition of what is/isn’t a feature
different sets of features for different objects - how can we know which set to use?
If same set of features applies to all objects, then large list of possible

28
Q

Describe prototype matching

A

Sensory input is matched to an idealized representation in memory (prototype)
Perfect match not required, and relationship between features is important

29
Q

What is the prototype effect in face recognition

A

Tendency to recognize the face corresponding to the central value of a series of seen faces, even when this central value/prototype has not been seen

30
Q

What are the limits of bottom-up theories

A

dont explain context effects.
Accuracy and length of time needed to recognize objects vary with context

31
Q

What is the context effect

A

Context in which a pattern/object appears sets up certain expectations in the perceiver

32
Q

What is the theory of top-down processing directed by

A

Expectations derived from context (expectation -> distal stimuli)

33
Q

How are top-down processes and bottom-up processes related

A

Interact in order to allow you to perceive objects

34
Q

What are the three theories of top-down processes

A

David Marr’s theory
Perceptual learning
Word superiority effect

35
Q

What are the four aspects of David Marr’s theory

A

Input image -> primal sketch -> 2.5D sketch -> 3D model representation

36
Q

What is the input image

A

Perceived intensities

37
Q

What is the primal sketch and what dictates it

A

Blobs, edges, vertical lines, curves, boundaries
Bottom-up processes

38
Q

What is the 2.5D sketch and what dictates it

A

Local surface orientation/discontinuities, in depth/in surface orientation
Bottom-up processes

39
Q

What is the 3D model representation and what dictates it

A

3D models hierarchically corganized in terms of surface and volumetric primitives
Bottom up processes with top down processes incorporated

40
Q

What is perceptual learning

A

Process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience

41
Q

How does perceptual learning occur

A

Through sensory interaction with the environment as well as through practice in performing specific sensory tasks

42
Q

What do perceptually practiced individuals learn

A

What aspects of the stimulus to attend to

43
Q

What happened in the Gibson perceptual learning study

A

Over time, participants learned to recognize copies of original stimulus, through learning to pay attention to features that they had not noticed earlier

44
Q

Who was Eleanor Jack Gibson

A

American psychologist who focused on reading development and perceptual learning in infants

45
Q

What is an example of top-down processing

A

The word superiority effect

46
Q

How are faces perceived

A

In a holistic manner, rather than as a collection of features

47
Q

What is the constructivist approach to perception

A

The proximal stimulus doesnt contain all information needed to identify it. So, observers use their knowledge to fill gaps

48
Q

What is the direct perception theory

A

World offers so much info that there is little need to construct representations and draw inferences

49
Q

What is direct perception theory also known as

A

Gibson Theory

50
Q

What is the classical bottom up view

A

Matching the event or stimulus with what has been stored in memory; meaning is deducted

51
Q

What is Gibson’s direct perception

A

The richness of the stimulation, or higher order pattern is sufficient for perception; meaning is derived

52
Q

What is a key element to Gibson’s direct perception theory

A

Action possibilities

53
Q

What are action possibilities

A

Potential for action is derived directly from stimulation without significant intermediate stages involving memory or inferences

54
Q

What is Gibsons theory in terms of light/retina

A

Light hitting retina contains highly organized info requiring little or no interpretation.
Info exists not merely in the environment, but in the animal-environment ecosystem

BCSC (7 decks)

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