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Biology 20 Final Exam > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Coevolution

A

the joint evolution of two or more systems that interact with each other.

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2
Q

Microevolution

A

variation within a species, allows species to adapt

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3
Q

Speciation

A

Long-term microevolution due to population isolation, creation of sister species

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4
Q

Microbial evolution

A

viruses, bacteria and single-celled organisms, same species/large population

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5
Q

Macroevolution

A

species changing form

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6
Q

Chemical Evolution

A

origin of life; Abiogenesis, life from chemical process alone

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7
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Divergent Evolution: newly developed species becoming different over time (from a common ancestor)

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8
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

the evolutions of two different groups of organisms so that they come to closely resemble one another. (NOT from a common ancestor)

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

is a physical feature, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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10
Q

Physical Adaptation

A

structural differences (sharp talons, large ears for heat loss)

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11
Q

Behavioural Adaptation

A

differences in how an organism acts (hibernation, mating dance)

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12
Q

Physiological adaptation

A

refers to the inner workings of an organism (plant toxins, blood clotting mechanism)

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13
Q

Variation

A

is a visible o invisible difference that helps an individual or population to survive

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14
Q

Biological species

A

is a group of reproductively compatible populations

  • Through sexual reproduction, hereditary information is passed from parents to their offspring
  • This allows for genetic variation
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15
Q

Mutations

A

are changes in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism

  • Mutations cause variations among individuals in a population.
  • A mutation may provide an individual with an advantage or a disadvantage, or neither (neutral).
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16
Q

How do mutations happen?

A
  • errors made during DNA replication
  • a physical or chemical agent (mutagen) damages the physical structure of DNA
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17
Q

Beneficial Mutation

A

can provide a selective advantage for an organism

Ex.
- Houseflies becoming resistant to DDT allowing these insects to survive after being exposed to the insecticide

  • Certain types of bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
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18
Q

Natural Selection

A

is the process by which a population of organisms changes because individuals with certain traits can better survive the local environmental conditions (selection pressures) and pass on these traits to their offspring

19
Q

Buffon

A
  • Challenged the accepted idea (for over 2000 years) that life forms are unchanging and perfect
  • noted similarities between humans and apes - suggested that they could have a common ancestor but did not have a mechanism for how changes occurred
  • suggested that the earth was older than 6000 years old
20
Q

Cuvier

A
  • developed the science of Paleontology (study of ancient life through fossils)
  • found unique organisms in each rock layer
  • lower layers had older layers and organisms very different than modern ones
  • new species appeared in layers and others disappeared (extinct)
  • proposed natural events - (like floods, volcanic eruptions, etc) shaped the Earth and explained extinctions (Catastrophism)
21
Q

Lyell

A
  • rejected Cuvier’s ideas
  • suggested that the earth was slowly and continuously changing (not due to catastrophes)
  • “slow changes could therefore
    result in big changes (inspired
    Darwin)”
22
Q

Lamarck

A
  • observed species changing over time in the fossil record, increasing in complexity
  • he suggested species changed based on the use or disuse of a feature
  • believed that characteristics acquired through an organism’s lifetime would be passed onto the next generation (inheritance of acquired characteristics)
23
Q

Malthus

A
  • noted that populations produce more offspring than can survive
  • Darwin read Malthus and realized that this premise meant members of a population must compete to survive
24
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A
  • both traveled and collected specimens
  • reached similar conclusions that populations changed over time
  • beneficial traits are more likely to allow an organism to survive and therefore pass on these traits
  • competition for limited resources among individuals of the same species would select for individuals with favorable traits (increasing chances of surviving to reproduce)
  • co-developed the theory of evolution by natural selection
25
Q

Burgess Shale

A

Fossil bed of the soft body tissues (very rare) of ancient sea creatures preserved from the Cambrian Explosion

  • explosion of biodiversity
    located in Yoho National Park (near Field, BC)
26
Q

Evidence provided by Fossils

A
  1. Fossils in younger rock are similar to today’s species.
  2. Fossils are in chronological order (older layers have older fossils)
  3. Not all organisms are found in the fossil
    record at the same time
  4. Fossils can’t tell us everything
  5. Fossils are very rare
  6. The Fossil record is like a big jigsaw puzzle, with most of the pieces missing
27
Q

Transitional Fossils

A

New discoveries of fossils, help fill in the gaps in the fossil record.

28
Q

What is Biogeography?

A

the study of the geographical distribution of organisms, provides information about how and when species may have evolved.

29
Q

Biogeography

A
  1. geographically close environments are
    most likely to contain related organisms
  2. animals on islands are similar to animals on the closet continent
  3. fossils of similar species are found on coastlines of neighbouring continents
  4. closely related species are almost never found in exactly the same location/habitat
30
Q

Homologous structures

A

have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function. (homo means same; used as evidence for same ancestor)

31
Q

Analogous structures

A

perform similar functions, even though the organisms do not have a common evolutionary origin.

32
Q

Embryology

A

Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development

33
Q

How species form?

A
  • A species consists of a
    reproductively compatible population.
34
Q

What are 2 ways species form?

A

Transformation or divergence

35
Q

Transformation

A
  • new species may result from accumulated changes in the population over a long period of time
  • A new species gradually develops as a result of mutation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions, and the old species is gradually replaced.
36
Q

Divergence

A

one or more species arises from one parent which continues to exist

37
Q

Geographical Barriers

A

mountains, rivers or lava flows that physically separate
populations from interbreeding

38
Q

Biological Barriers

A

behaviors like bird calls, frog mating calls or pheromones that prevent populations from interbreeding

39
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

ex. Cichlids in Lake Victoria, Africa

40
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

is the diversification of a common ancestral species into a variety of species, all of which are differently adapted

41
Q

Two models scientists proposed for the pace of evolution

A

Gradualism and Punctuated equilibrium

42
Q

Gradualism

A

slow, steady, linear change over time

43
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

long periods of equilibrium interrupted by periods of speciation

44
Q

Four Main Points of Natural Selection

A
  1. Life forms have developed from ancestral species
  2. All living things are related to one another by varying degrees through common descent
  3. All living things on Earth have a common origin(share a common ancestor)

Biology 20 Final Exam (8 decks)

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