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Biology 20 Final Exam > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecologists

A

study the interactions of organisms with one another and their environment

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2
Q

Biotic components

A

are the living components of an environment

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3
Q

Abiotic components

A

are non-living

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4
Q

Individual Organisms

A

This usually involves a study in how the physical appearance (morphology) of an organism can change when abiotic conditions change

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5
Q

Populations

A

a group or individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time

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6
Q

Communities

A

the individuals of interacting populations in a given area, affected by competition, predator-prey relationships

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7
Q

Ecosystems

A

a community of populations and the abiotic factors that surround it

  • Can be large or small
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8
Q

The Biosphere

A

all the ecosystems in the world and their interactions

  • All parts of the earth that are inhabitable by some type of life, extending into the atmosphere and several meters into the soil
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9
Q

Niche

A

Each species has its own “place” in the biosphere

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10
Q

Who classified and named organisms?

A

Aristotle (384-322 BC) placed living things into two categories, called Kingdoms: plants and animals

  • Animals were divided based on their size and the way they moved on land, air and water
  • Plants were divided into three categories based on the differences in their stems
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11
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

divided kingdoms into smaller and smaller groups which led to our current naming system

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12
Q

Ernst Haekel

A

proposed a classification system including micro-organisms

Discoveries after Haekel’s time led to the 6 kingdoms we use to classify now

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

The practice of classifying living things

The levels of organisms are;
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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14
Q

Domain

A

is the most general of categories
and contains the most organisms

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15
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

It is used to name organisms. The two-part scientific names include the organism’s genus and species, usually in Latin

Genus is always capitalized
Species is always lower case

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16
Q

The three Domains

A

They are Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

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17
Q

The Six Kingdoms

A

Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

18
Q

Domain Achaea

A
  • Ancient
  • Prokaryotes
  • Auto and heterotrophs
  • No nucleus
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Unicellular and found in extreme conditions

Ex. Thermophiles and halophiles

19
Q

Domain Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • No nucleus
  • asexual reproduction
  • auto and heterotrophs
  • unicellular and helps recycle nutrients

Ex. cyanobacteria and
E. coli

20
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

more complex organisms that all contain cells with a nucleus

21
Q

Fungi

A
  • Has a nucleus
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
  • heterotrophs and decomposers
  • mostly multicellular and cell walls made of chitin

Ex. mold and mushrooms

22
Q

Protista

A
  • Has a nucleus
  • mostly asexual reproduction
  • auto and heterotrophs
  • mostly unicellular and live in water

Ex. algae, amoebas and diatoms

23
Q

Plantae

A
  • Has a nucleus
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
  • autotrophs
  • multicellular with cell walls made of cellulose

Ex. trees, grass, moss

24
Q

Animalia

A
  • Has a nucleus
  • mostly sexual reproduction
  • heterotrophs
  • multicellular with NO cell wall

Ex. fish, birds, reptiles, mammals and insects

25
Q

Dichotomous Key

A
  • (“di” means two,
    “tom” means to cut)
  • is a branched or stepped process that can be used to identify organisms
  • These keys use pairs of descriptions to simplify the identification of an organism
26
Q

Climate

A

is the average weather conditions in a particular region over a long period of time

27
Q

Abiotic factors

A

The patterns of distribution of life
Ex. Temperature, humidity, salinity, and moisture

28
Q

Biogeographic realm/ecozone

A

is the broadest biogeographic division of the Earth’s land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided in ecoregions, which are classified in biomes or habitat types.

29
Q

Habitat

A

is a place or area within a biome or ecosystem that has a particular set of biotic and abiotic characteristics

30
Q

range

A

is the geographical area where the organism is found

31
Q

Ecological Niche

A

is the role that its members play in an ecosystem.

32
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of niches and habitats within an ecosystem allow it to support a diversity of organisms

33
Q

Limiting Factors

A

any biotic or abiotic element that controls the number of individuals in a population.

34
Q

Biotic limiting factors

A

include competition, predation, and parasites

35
Q

Abiotic limiting factors

A

include soil type, moisture/humidity, temperature and space

36
Q

Intraspecific competition

A
  • competition for resources between members of the same species
  • they have similar adaptations
  • occurs for all requirements

Ex. 2 rabbits fighting for food

37
Q

Interspecific Competition

A
  • competition between different species inhabiting the same ecological area
  • different adaptations
  • occurs for specific requirements

Ex. Lions and Leopards, Trees and bushes

38
Q

Predation limits population size

A
  • Predation naturally limits the population of prey species
  • The change in the numbers of prey will affect trophic levels beneath the prey species
  • Predators that feed on multiple prey types will affect numerous food chain relationships
39
Q

Sampling Populations in Ecosystems

A

Ecologists estimate the size of a population using samples (small portions of the population)

40
Q

Sampling

A

Organisms can be sampled using transects or quadrats situated randomly in a sample area. From these samples, the density of a population can be estimated
(most suitable for counting plants, slow-moving organisms and some sessile aquatic life)

41
Q

How is the density of a population determined?

A

by calculating the average number of individuals per quadrat, and then dividing by the size of the quadrat

42
Q

Distribution Patters

A
  • They can affect sampling results

Clumped; school of fish

Uniform; nesting sites

Random; seeds being spread by the wind

Biology 20 Final Exam (8 decks)

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