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Biology 20 Final Exam > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Role of Water in the Cycles of Matter

A
  • The amount of water in the biosphere is finite. Water exists in the environment as a solid, a liquid, and a gas.
  • It is recycled through the hydrological cycle
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2
Q

Evaporation

A

solar energy heats liquid water turning it into a gas

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3
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

water released through photosynthesis

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4
Q

Condensation

A

water vapor cools and becomes water droplets

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5
Q

Sublimation

A

process of turning ice
into a gas

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6
Q

Precipitation

A

when clouds are too saturated, they release extra moisture such as; rain, snow, sleet, and hail

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7
Q

Collection

A
  • water storage: ice, snow, lakes, oceans, springs, groundwater
  • infiltration
  • run-off
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8
Q

What from the water cycle adds to the atmosphere?

A

Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, sublimation and water vapor

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9
Q

Transpiration

A

loss of water through the leaves of a plant

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10
Q

Metabolic Water

A

Water is a product of cellular respiration

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11
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

the routes that water (and other chemicals) take through the biosphere

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12
Q

The Role of Water in the Cycles of Matter

A
  • more than 97% of water in the biosphere is in liquid form
  • water is a greenhouse gas
  • transfers heat and dissolved materials
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13
Q

Polarity

A
  • a water molecule has
    two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to
    one oxygen atom
  • the oxygen end has a slightly negative end
  • the hydrogen end has a slightly positive end
    (making water polar)
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14
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • positive end of a hydrogen is able to form a weak bond with a negative end of another end of a water molecule making a hydrogen bond.
  • (It can also form hydrogen bonds with other negative ions - dissolving a wide range of substances which is why it is called the Universal Solvent)
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15
Q

Cohesion

A
  • the attraction one water molecule to another one is called cohesion
  • is responsible for SURFACE TENSION
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16
Q

Adhesion

A
  • is the attraction of water molecules to other substances (like the wall of a xylem)
  • provides an upward force on water
    (counteracts gravity)
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17
Q

Density

A

when water freezes the water molecules are pushed further apart (lower density than liquid form)

This means water expands when it freezes therefore it floats

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18
Q

HYDROGEN BONDING and Phase Changes

A

due to hydrogen bonding, it takes more energy to heat up water

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19
Q

KEY INFORMATION

A

Water is most dense at 4℃

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20
Q

Heat Capacity

A

Heat capacity is the measure of how much heat a substance can absorb or release before changing temperature

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21
Q

Water

A
  • heats up slowly and and holds its temperature

Benefits:
- oceans moderate temperatures of nearby land

  • organisms that contain a lot of water can maintain a fairly constant internal temperature
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22
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

the ways that elements or compounds move between living and nonliving components and locations

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23
Q

Rapid Cycling

A

substances can cycle between nutrient reservoirs relatively quickly

ex. producer to consumer to decomposer

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24
Q

Slow Cycling

A

substances can also accumulate and be stored for long period of times and unavailable to organisms

ex. creating fossil fuels, forests, mountains

25
Q

Carbon Fast & Short-term

A

combustion
(ie. forest fires, burning fossil fuels), respiration, photosynthesis

26
Q

Carbon Slow & Long-term

A

when carbon is converted into fossil fuels or carbonates in rocks/ocean floors, weathering of rocks

27
Q

What is a carbon reservoir?

A

carbon reservoirs, or sinks, are places where carbon is stored:

  • atmosphere
  • soil
  • ocean’s surface
  • deep ocean ** largest
  • limestone rock
  • fossil fuels
  • trees
  • organisms
28
Q

Where has steady incline is CO2

A

the carbon trapped as fossil fuels is being burned, adding carbon into the atmosphere faster than it can removed

29
Q

Carbon Neutral

A

means removing as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as we put in.

30
Q

Why Do We Need Nitrogen

A

Protein and DNA synthesis

31
Q

The Forms of Nitrogen

A

N2 = Nitrogen
NH3 = Ammonia
NH4 = Ammonium
NO2 = Nitrite
NO3 = Nitrate

32
Q

Why is the nitrogen cycle so important?

A

Nitrogen is super abundant but not usable until converted into nitrates for plants.

33
Q

Ammonification

A

occurs during decomposition, bacteria converts organic nitrogen into ammonia / ammonium

soil bacteria convert dead organisms and animal waste into ammonium ions

34
Q

Nitrification

A

the process where bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates or nitrites

oil bacteria convert ammonium into nitrite (NO2–) and then nitrate (NO3–) ions for use by plants as a nitrogen source

35
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

process where bacteria turn nitrogen gas deposited in the soil into usable compounds

bacteria and lightning ‘fix’ atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4+)

36
Q

Denitrification

A

process where bacteria convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen

soil bacteria convert nitrite(NO2–) or nitrate (NO3–) back to nitrogen gas (N2), which goes into the atmosphere

37
Q

Is too much nitrogen bad?

A

While plants need nitrogen, too much causes excess growth in algae

38
Q

Algal Blooms

A
  • cut off sunlight from reaching aquatic plants
  • plants die and decompose
  • bacteria remove oxygen from the water resulting in fish and other organisms dying (create dead zones)
39
Q

Nitrogen

A

plants called ‘legumes’ (soybeans, peas, alfalfa) have tiny bumps called nodules on their roots where nitrogen fixing bacteria live

40
Q

Crop Rotation

A

is to grow legumes (adds nitrogen to soil) one season and crops another (depletes nitrogen)

41
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • is found in living organisms, land, and water, but it does not cycle through the atmosphere.
  • is a part of DNA, ATP and a major component of bones and teeth
42
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

Phosphorus moves between organisms, land, and
water, but it does not cycle through the atmosphere

43
Q

Why do we need phosphorus?

A

we need it to make ATP, DNA and bones and teeth

44
Q

Phosphorus Long-term cycle

A

in bedrock of Earth’s crust as phosphate ions (PO43-)

45
Q

Phosphorus slow-term cycle

A

wastes from living organisms are recycled by decomposers

46
Q

What is Nutrient Pollution?

A

a form of water pollution caused by excess nutrients (N and P) entering bodies of water from fertilizer use

called
“Eutrophication”

47
Q

What happens in Nutrient Pollution?

A

Eutrophication
causing Algal Blooms which leads oxygen depletion and death of fish and other aquatic life

48
Q

Where is Nutrient Pollution happening?

A

Great Lakes

49
Q

How are dead zones formed?

A

when the algae die, sink to the bottom, and are decomposed by bacteria

50
Q

Sulfur in the air

A

the decomposition of organic matter, volcanic off-gassing (after an eruption), and human activities all release sulfur into the atmosphere

51
Q

acid deposition

A

rain and snow soon return sulfur to Earth’s surface

52
Q

Sulfur in the water

A

plants and algae take up sulfur in the water-soluble form of sulfate (SO42−)

53
Q

Sulfur in the soil:

A
  • decomposers quickly return sulfur to the soil or air as hydrogen sulfide
  • soil bacteria use sulfur compounds in photosynthesis or cellular respiration, thus playing an essential role as they convert one form of sulfur to another
  • some sulfur is taken out of rapid cycling when bacteria convert sulfur to forms that are layered down as sediments, eventually becoming part of rocks
54
Q

Phytoremediation

A

using plants and bacteria to clean up toxic hydrocarbon spills in the environment

55
Q

Preserving wetlands

A

bogs, marshes and swamps) because they act as natural water filtration systems

56
Q

Change

A

Changing the way we meet our food, water and energy needs
- Alternative energy sources
- Conservation efforts

57
Q

Research

A

Research about the biosphere using artificial environments (Biosphere 2, NASA’s Advanced Life Support Program, hypothetical Mars colony)

58
Q

Productivity

A

is the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store energy over time.
measured in energy per area per year (J/m2/a)

59
Q

What are the three highest areas of productivity?

A
  1. algal beds and reefs
  2. the tropical rainforests
  3. swamps and marshes (wetlands)

Biology 20 Final Exam (8 decks)

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