Chapter 4

Question 1

What is muscle

Answer 1

a connective tissue
connects to bone

Question 2

What are the three types of bone

Answer 2

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

Question 3

what are the four functions of muscles

Answer 3

provide movement *
provide stability/ protect joints
helps maintain posture and position ( working against gravity) *
Provide body heat

Question 4

What are the contractile elements of muscle?

Answer 4

myofilaments
actin

Question 5

How does muscle attach to bone?

Answer 5

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 6

What is a muscle’s insertion

Answer 6

attachment that is more distal/ further from midline

Question 7

parallel muscle fibers

Answer 7

fascicles run parallel to the tendon
runs the length of the muscle
longer than the tendon
large amount of shortening
high speed movement

Question 8

Pennate muscles fibers

Answer 8

run diagonally to tendon
short (ish)
short degree of shortening
large capacity of force and power

Question 9

what are the 5 subtypes of parallel muscles fibers

Answer 9

flat
fusiform
radiate
sphincter
strap

Question 10

What are the 3 subtypes of pennate fiber

Answer 10

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

Question 11

line of pull

Answer 11

where muscle attaches onto the bone

Question 12

Intrinsic muscles

Answer 12

muscle tendon unit is located entirely within the muscles they act on

Question 13

extrinsic muscles

Answer 13

muscles located outside the muscle they act on
- larger
- higher force production
- movement

Question 14

muscle orgin

Answer 14

attachment that is more proximal or closer to the midline

Question 15

agonist muscle

Answer 15

joint motion that occurs during a shortening, concentric contraction
Prime movers

Question 16

Antagonist muscle

Answer 16

Muscles that cause a joint motion that is the opposite of the agonist action

Question 17

What is an aggregate muscle group

Answer 17

muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

Question 18

two primary types of muscle contractions

Answer 18

isometric
isotonic

Question 19

isometric contraction

Answer 19

static / stability
muscle output = external load
muscle contracts to resist the external torque and maintain position
force/tension develops in muscle but there is no change in joint position

Question 20

isotonic contraction

Answer 20

concentric and eccentric

Question 21

concentric contractions

Answer 21

muscle output > external load
muscle is shorten
muscle tendon unit shortens
- attachment sites get closer together

Question 22

eccentric contractions

Answer 22

muscle output < external load
muscle tendon unit lengthens
- attachment sites more farther apart

Question 23

what are concentric muscle contractions primarily used for

Answer 23

start motion or speed it up

Question 24

what is eccentric muscle contractions primarily used for

Answer 24

used to slow down or control motion

Question 25

motor unit

Answer 25

motor neuron and all of its muscle fibers associated with it

Question 26

sliding filament theory

Answer 26

the more cross bridge we form the more force generated direct relationship

Question 27

all or none principle

Answer 27

if the signal to the muscle is strong and frequent enough muscle will turn on if not no contraction

Question 28

active insufficiency

Answer 28

When the muscle can no longer generate or maintain sufficient force because it has been shortened too much

Question 29

passive insufficiency

Answer 29

can no longer length to allow for the antagonistic motions to occur

Question 30

Length-Tension Relationship of Muscle

Answer 30

he length of the muscle-tendon unit in which there is maximum crossbridge formation between actin and myosin is known as the muscle’s optimal resting length.

Question 31

Describe the force-velocity relationship

Answer 31

The amount of force a muscle can generate is also related to the speed of contraction. It takes time for crossbridges to form, break, and reform and while this happens pretty quickly, there comes a point at which this amount of time cannot be reduced further. As a result, the speed (or velocity) of a muscle contraction reaches a finite amount and is related to the type of muscle contraction.

Question 32

For concentric contractions, the relationship between force and velocity

Answer 32

inversely (exponentially) proportional: the higher the force, the slower the contraction and vice versa

Question 33

For eccentric contractions, the relationship between force and velocity

Answer 33

directly (exponentially) proportional

Question 34

proprioception

Answer 34

sensory mechanisms occur without our conscious awareness and are considered subconscious helps us maintain and control our posture and movement without really having to think about it.

Question 35

kinesthesis

Answer 35

consciously aware of our body’s position in space, its orientation, and motion and these things are in our conscious and voluntary control

Question 36

Golgi Tendon Organ

Answer 36

it prevents a contraction in the stretched muscle and will cause a contraction in the antagonist muscles

Question 37

Where is the Golgi Tendon organ located

Answer 37

located with the tendons of skeletal muscles near where the tendon joins with the muscle and are aligned in the same direction as the muscle fibers

Question 38

Muscle spindle

Answer 38

When a muscle spindle is activated, it will cause a rapid contraction of the stretched muscle and will prevent contraction in the antagonist muscles

Question 39

Where are muscle spindles located

Answer 39

between skeletal muscle fibers and are aligned parallel to the fibers

Question 40

Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 40

Pacinian corpuscle is activated, it will send signals to the CNS about the joint’s position in space after movement

Question 41

Where is the pacinian corpuscles located

Answer 41

located in the tissues just below the skin around joints

Question 42

Ruffini’s corpuscles

Answer 42

When a Ruffini’s corpuscle is activated, it will send signals to the CNS about the exact angle of a joint

Question 43

Where is the Ruffini’s corpuscles located

Answer 43

located in the skin and tissues just below the skin, particularly in the fingers, as well as in the collagenous fibers of joint capsules