Chapter 2

Question 1

what is kinematics

Answer 1

description of motion

Question 2

what is linear motion

Answer 2

Rectilinear motion
Curvilinear Motion

Question 3

Rectilinear motion

Answer 3

describes motion that occurs in a straight line and is also called translation.

Question 4

Curvilinear

Answer 4

describes motion that occurs in a curved path.

Question 5

What is angular motion

Answer 5

occurs when all points on an object rotate around a fixed point (axis)

Question 6

what is general motion?

Answer 6

combines linear and angular motion. Most sport activities involve general motion. Joint rotations of the limbs allow the body to translate its center of mass through space.

Question 7

What branches of mechanics are most important for applied anatomy ?

Answer 7

Rigid body mechanics
Deformable body mechanics

Question 8

Rigid body mechanics

Answer 8

object in question does not change shape

Question 9

Deformable body mechanics

Answer 9

the object changes shape

Question 10

what are the sub branches of rigid body movements

Answer 10

Statics
dynamic

Question 11

Static body movement

Answer 11

objects that are still and unmoving (or are moving at a constant velocity)

Question 12

Dynamic body movement

Answer 12

studies moving objects
Dynamics can be divided into kinematics and kinetics

Question 13

What is kinetics?

Answer 13

the study of forces and their kinetics

Question 14

Internal forces

Answer 14

inside the object: contractions

Question 15

External forces

Answer 15

Outside the body: movement

Question 16

contact forces

Answer 16

touches the object: friction; reaction forces

Question 17

Non-contact forces

Answer 17

objects are not touching: gravity

Question 18

Newtons first law: inertia

Answer 18

an object at rest will stay at rest unless an external force is acted on it

Question 19

newtons first law: acceleration

Answer 19

force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration
More mass= more force
more speed = more force

Question 20

newtons third law: action- reaction

Answer 20

every action force has an equal but opposite reaction

Question 21

torque

Answer 21

a rotational force or the turning effect produced by a force that is not applied through the object’s center of mass.

Question 22

What happens when we shorten the moment arm

Answer 22

we reduce gravity and torque

Question 23

what is the relationship between torque and force

Answer 23

they are proportional

Question 24

What is the equation for torque

Answer 24

T=FR
R- moment arm

Question 25

what is the relationship between moment arm and torque

Answer 25

They are proportional

Question 26

What is a simple machine

Answer 26

makes the job easier or more efficient

Question 27

Class 1 lever

Answer 27

axis between the effort and resistance forces - amplify the speed/ ROM and force

Question 28

Class 2 lever

Answer 28

resistance force between the axis and effort force - Magnifies the force movement ( smaller force required)

Question 29

Class 3 lever

Answer 29

effort force is between the axis and resistance force - magnifies speed or range of motion - most levers in the body are class 3 levers

Question 30

Uniaxial loads

Answer 30

loads that are applied in one direction

Question 31

3 types of uni-axial loads

Answer 31

tension, compression, sheering

Question 32

tension loads

Answer 32

pulls or stretches - occurs most often at the apophysis ( bone growth) - Produced by pull of contracting muscles

Question 33

Compression loads

Answer 33

pressing ends together - produced by muscles, gravity, external forces acting along the long axis of the bone

Question 34

Shearing loads

Answer 34

sliding or slipping forces - can occur both application of compressive and tensile force - adjacent parts of the bone would experience equal and opposite

Question 35

what are complex loads

Answer 35

loads occur when the direction of the forces is different to each other

Question 36

what are two types of complex loads

Answer 36

torsion bending

Question 37

torsion loads

Answer 37

twisting force - creates a shear stress over the entire structure - spiral fracture of humorous during pitching

Question 38

Bending loads

Answer 38

applied to an area having no direct support - produces both compressive and tensile forces on either side of the bone