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Applied anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Skeletal system

1
Q

Lever system and attachment sites for muscles ( mechanical )

A
  • Simple machines
  • magnify force
    -magnify speed
    -magnify range of motion
  • Bone acts as a rigid lever
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2
Q

Support and structure (mechanical)

A

provides framework to hold the body up and maintain posture
- bones of the arms and legs
- vertebrae ( irregular)

Transfer forces to allow for movement

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3
Q

Protection (mechanical)

A

bones surround important organs
- skull (brain)
- vertebrae (spinal cord)
- ribs ( heart, lunges )

often flat or irregular in shape

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4
Q

Mineral and homeostasis and storage ( physiological )

A
  • calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, zinc
  • 99% of calcium is stored in our bones and teeth
  • if we need it we can withdraw it from the “Skeleton bank”
  • good nutrition is critical
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5
Q

Hematopoiesis ( physiological )

A
  • Blood cell formation
  • Red bone marrow
    • vertebrae
    • femur
    • llium
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6
Q

components of the axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebrae
rib cage and sternum

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7
Q

primary function of the axial skeleton

A

the central component of the skeletal system, to which everything else is attached. As a unit, the axial skeleton acts as the foundation of the human body.

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8
Q

what are the components of the appendicular skeleton

A

arms and legs
pelvis

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9
Q

what is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton

A

move around
supports the weight of the body

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10
Q

Cortical bone

A

compact bone

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11
Q

where is cortical bone located

A

outer layer of the bone

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12
Q

cortical bone characteristics

A

very dense

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13
Q

function of the cortical bone

A

Withstanding compression and bending loads
not tension loads

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14
Q

What are other names for cancellous bones

A

trabecular or spongy

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15
Q

where is cancellous bone located

A

inner layer

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16
Q

cancellous bone characteristics

A

very porous

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17
Q

what is cancellous bone characteristics

A

withstand tension loads not compression loads

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18
Q

What is an osteoblast

A

building of new bone cells

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19
Q

What is osteocyte

A

mature osteoblast
- important for communication

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20
Q

what is osteoclast

A

reabsorbed old bone
- releases minerals back into the bloodstream

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21
Q

what happens when osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity

A

more bone is created than destroyed

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22
Q

examples of when osteoblast > osteoclast is good

A

Weightlifting

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23
Q

examples of when osteoblast > osteoclast is bad

A

Osgood Schlatter’s Disease
- excessive bone growth

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24
Q

what happens when osteoclast > osteobalst

A

more bone is destroyed than created
- decrease in bone mass

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25
example of when osteoclast > osteoblast is bad
Osteoporosis
26
Long bones
long rounded ends slender middles
27
Examples of long bones
femur ulna radius tibia fibula metatarsals/carpels
28
periosteum
surrounds the long bone with a thin, but tough, membrane that provides blood and nutrients to the bone and contains many nerves
29
epiphysis
the end of the long bone rounded projections that articulate with the surface of another bone to form a joint.
30
diaphysis
the narrowest region and is typically cylindrical in shape. The diaphysis of long bones is hollow and lined with another thin membrane—the endosteum
31
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis yellow bone marrow and fat are stored within bone
32
metaphysis
bone narrows from the epiphysis to become diaphysis
33
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
a thin line that separates the epiphysis and metaphysis
34
short bones
small(ish) rounded cube like shapes transmit forces across joints absorb shock
35
examples of short bones
crapals (wrist)/ tarsal (foot)
36
Flat bones
flat, curved
37
flat bones function
protect underlying organs and soft tissues provide large areas for tendon and muscle attachment
38
Examples of flat bones
scapula clavicle ribs/ sternum
39
irregular bones
vary in size specialized functions
40
examples of irregular bones
skull pelvis vertebrae
41
sesamoid bones
smallish and roundish
42
sesamoid bones function
increase and mechanical efficiency of muscle increase muscles moment arm
43
sesamoid bones examples
patella head of the 1st metacarpal head of the 1st metatarsal
44
Synarthrodial joints
immovable joints least mobile most stable tooth sockets/ structure joints of the skull
45
what is the function of Synarthrodial joints
stability and protection
46
Amphiarthrodial joints
slightly moveable medium stability and mobility
47
what is the function of amphiarthrodial joints
stability transmit forces asorb shock
48
what are the three sub categories of the Amphiarthrodial joints
syndesmosis symphysis synchondrosis
49
syndesmosis ( Amphiarthrodial joints )
provide stability and transmit forces distal tibiofibular joint
50
symphysis ( Amphiarthrodial joints)
a cartilaginous joint in which the articulating surfaces are joined by fibrocartilage like a disc pubic symphysis
51
synchondrosis ( Amphiarthrodial joints )
a cartilaginous joint in which the articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. costochondral joint of the rib
52
Arthrodial ( plane or gliding)
3 degrees of freedom small range of motion flattish surface Ex: Acromioclavicular joint
53
Ginglymus (hinge)
1 degree o freedom medium range of motion one bone is convex and the other is concave Ex: Humeroulnar joint
54
Trochoidal (pivot or screw)
1 degree of freedom stable and mobile medium range of motion only rotates one bone is convex and other concave EX: proximal radioulnar joint
54
Sellar (saddle)
2 degrees of freedom more mobile than stable medium to large range of motion one bone is convex and other is concave that nest together prohibits axial rotation but can be combined to produce circumduction. Ex: The carpometacarpal joint
55
Condyloid (ellipsoid or ovoid
2 degree of freedom more mobile than stable prohibits axial rotation but can be combined to produce circumduction. Ex: radiocarpal joint
56
Enarthrodial (ball and socket)
3 degrees of freedom more mobile than stable large range of motion allows circumduction and diagonal plane of motion one bone is convex (ball ) other is concave (socket) Ex: glenohumeral joint
57
what is ossification
formation of new bone
58
endochondral ossification
most bones of the body begin as cartilage that is later converted to ossified bone
59
Intramembranous ossification
process by which new bones grow bones do not start from cartilage but rather from an embryonic membrane. Flat bones, like the scapula and clavicle, are formed through this process.
60
longitudinal (interstitial ) bone growth
ephyseal plates expand forming new cells and increasing the length of the the bone
61
Circumferential (appositional ) bone growth
osteoblast and osteoclast activity most rapid growth occurring prior to adulthood and continues through life span
62
Wolff's law
effect of decreased weight on the bone as the bone becomes less dense and weaker.
63
What are processes ( protrusions)
stick out from the bone and may be round or have a sharper edge and serve as the attachment site for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. Ex: Tuberosity, Malleolus
64
what are cavities ( depressions)
concave surfaces or depressions within the bone Cavities may also serve as the articulating surface of a joint or protect a structure Ex: Fossa, Foramen

Applied anatomy (5 decks)

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