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Applied anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Skeletal system

1
Q

Lever system and attachment sites for muscles ( mechanical )

A
  • Simple machines
  • magnify force
    -magnify speed
    -magnify range of motion
  • Bone acts as a rigid lever
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2
Q

Support and structure (mechanical)

A

provides framework to hold the body up and maintain posture
- bones of the arms and legs
- vertebrae ( irregular)

Transfer forces to allow for movement

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3
Q

Protection (mechanical)

A

bones surround important organs
- skull (brain)
- vertebrae (spinal cord)
- ribs ( heart, lunges )

often flat or irregular in shape

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4
Q

Mineral and homeostasis and storage ( physiological )

A
  • calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, zinc
  • 99% of calcium is stored in our bones and teeth
  • if we need it we can withdraw it from the “Skeleton bank”
  • good nutrition is critical
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5
Q

Hematopoiesis ( physiological )

A
  • Blood cell formation
  • Red bone marrow
    • vertebrae
    • femur
    • llium
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6
Q

components of the axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebrae
rib cage and sternum

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7
Q

primary function of the axial skeleton

A

the central component of the skeletal system, to which everything else is attached. As a unit, the axial skeleton acts as the foundation of the human body.

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8
Q

what are the components of the appendicular skeleton

A

arms and legs
pelvis

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9
Q

what is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton

A

move around
supports the weight of the body

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10
Q

Cortical bone

A

compact bone

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11
Q

where is cortical bone located

A

outer layer of the bone

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12
Q

cortical bone characteristics

A

very dense

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13
Q

function of the cortical bone

A

Withstanding compression and bending loads
not tension loads

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14
Q

What are other names for cancellous bones

A

trabecular or spongy

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15
Q

where is cancellous bone located

A

inner layer

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16
Q

cancellous bone characteristics

A

very porous

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17
Q

what is cancellous bone characteristics

A

withstand tension loads not compression loads

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18
Q

What is an osteoblast

A

building of new bone cells

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19
Q

What is osteocyte

A

mature osteoblast
- important for communication

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20
Q

what is osteoclast

A

reabsorbed old bone
- releases minerals back into the bloodstream

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21
Q

what happens when osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity

A

more bone is created than destroyed

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22
Q

examples of when osteoblast > osteoclast is good

A

Weightlifting

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23
Q

examples of when osteoblast > osteoclast is bad

A

Osgood Schlatter’s Disease
- excessive bone growth

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24
Q

what happens when osteoclast > osteobalst

A

more bone is destroyed than created
- decrease in bone mass

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25
Q

example of when osteoclast > osteoblast is bad

A

Osteoporosis

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26
Q

Long bones

A

long
rounded ends
slender middles

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27
Q

Examples of long bones

A

femur
ulna
radius
tibia
fibula
metatarsals/carpels

28
Q

periosteum

A

surrounds the long bone with a thin, but tough, membrane that provides blood and nutrients to the bone and contains many nerves

29
Q

epiphysis

A

the end of the long bone
rounded projections that articulate with the surface of another bone to form a joint.

30
Q

diaphysis

A

the narrowest region and is typically cylindrical in shape. The diaphysis of long bones is hollow and lined with another thin membrane—the endosteum

31
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow region of the diaphysis
yellow bone marrow and fat are stored within bone

32
Q

metaphysis

A

bone narrows from the epiphysis to become diaphysis

33
Q

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

a thin line that separates the epiphysis and metaphysis

34
Q

short bones

A

small(ish)
rounded cube like shapes
transmit forces across joints
absorb shock

35
Q

examples of short bones

A

crapals (wrist)/ tarsal (foot)

36
Q

Flat bones

A

flat, curved

37
Q

flat bones function

A

protect underlying organs and soft tissues
provide large areas for tendon and muscle attachment

38
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

scapula
clavicle
ribs/ sternum

39
Q

irregular bones

A

vary in size
specialized functions

40
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

skull
pelvis
vertebrae

41
Q

sesamoid bones

A

smallish and roundish

42
Q

sesamoid bones function

A

increase and mechanical efficiency of muscle
increase muscles moment arm

43
Q

sesamoid bones examples

A

patella
head of the 1st metacarpal
head of the 1st metatarsal

44
Q

Synarthrodial joints

A

immovable joints
least mobile most stable
tooth sockets/ structure joints of the skull

45
Q

what is the function of Synarthrodial joints

A

stability and protection

46
Q

Amphiarthrodial joints

A

slightly moveable
medium stability and mobility

47
Q

what is the function of amphiarthrodial joints

A

stability
transmit forces
asorb shock

48
Q

what are the three sub categories of the Amphiarthrodial joints

A

syndesmosis
symphysis
synchondrosis

49
Q

syndesmosis ( Amphiarthrodial joints )

A

provide stability and transmit forces
distal tibiofibular joint

50
Q

symphysis ( Amphiarthrodial joints)

A

a cartilaginous joint in which the articulating surfaces are joined by fibrocartilage like a disc
pubic symphysis

51
Q

synchondrosis ( Amphiarthrodial joints )

A

a cartilaginous joint in which the articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.
costochondral joint of the rib

52
Q

Arthrodial ( plane or gliding)

A

3 degrees of freedom
small range of motion
flattish surface
Ex: Acromioclavicular joint

53
Q

Ginglymus (hinge)

A

1 degree o freedom
medium range of motion
one bone is convex and the other is concave
Ex: Humeroulnar joint

54
Q

Trochoidal (pivot or screw)

A

1 degree of freedom
stable and mobile
medium range of motion
only rotates
one bone is convex and other concave
EX: proximal radioulnar joint

54
Q

Sellar (saddle)

A

2 degrees of freedom
more mobile than stable
medium to large range of motion
one bone is convex and other is concave that nest together
prohibits axial rotation but can be combined to produce circumduction.
Ex: The carpometacarpal joint

55
Q

Condyloid (ellipsoid or ovoid

A

2 degree of freedom
more mobile than stable
prohibits axial rotation but can be combined to produce circumduction.
Ex: radiocarpal joint

56
Q

Enarthrodial (ball and socket)

A

3 degrees of freedom
more mobile than stable
large range of motion
allows circumduction and diagonal plane of motion
one bone is convex (ball ) other is concave (socket)
Ex: glenohumeral joint

57
Q

what is ossification

A

formation of new bone

58
Q

endochondral ossification

A

most bones of the body begin as cartilage that is later converted to ossified bone

59
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

process by which new bones grow
bones do not start from cartilage but rather from an embryonic membrane.
Flat bones, like the scapula and clavicle, are formed through this process.

60
Q

longitudinal (interstitial ) bone growth

A

ephyseal plates expand forming new cells and increasing the length of the the bone

61
Q

Circumferential (appositional ) bone growth

A

osteoblast and osteoclast activity
most rapid growth occurring prior to adulthood and continues through life span

62
Q

Wolff’s law

A

effect of decreased weight on the bone as the bone becomes less dense and weaker.

63
Q

What are processes ( protrusions)

A

stick out from the bone and may be round or have a sharper edge and serve as the attachment site for tendons, muscles, and ligaments.

Ex: Tuberosity, Malleolus

64
Q

what are cavities ( depressions)

A

concave surfaces or depressions within the bone
Cavities may also serve as the articulating surface of a joint or protect a structure

Ex: Fossa, Foramen

Applied anatomy (5 decks)

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