Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is The Cell Theory (3 parts)?
theory thats states: living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells
Why must cells be small?
Cells must be small in order for an adequate supply of nutrients from the environment to cross the cell surface end quickly move to all areas of the cell (the bigger it is the more time it’ll take to transfer nutrients)
How does surface area to volume ratios of a large, medium and small cell affect
transport of molecules into the center of the cell?
The higher the surface-to-volume ratio (the smaller the thing), the better it is at transporting nutrients efficiently
Draw plant, animal and prokaryotic cells with its organelles (for those that have them)
and define the functions of the organelles. Identify location of ribosomes. What is found
in ALL cells?
What are main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic:
-DNA not contained in the nucleus
-No membrane-bound organelles
-Simple design with fewer parts inside the cells
-Smaller cells
-Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic-
-DNA contained in membrane-bound organelles
-Many membrane-bound organelles
-Complex structure
-All plant, animal, fungi, and other eukaryotes made of this type of cell
What are found in an animal cell and not in a plant cell?
Lysosomes
Centrioles - made of microtubules, direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
What are found in a plant cell and not in an animal cell?
Cell Wall- the rigid border surrounding the cell membrane. Has no regulatory function. Provides support for plant cells.
Chloroplast- photosynthesis – captures light energy and converts it to food (sugar).
Large central vacuole- storage for water and dissolved materials. Contains digestive enzymes
Describe how the endomembrane system works?
a system of membrane structures that work together to transport large materials into or out of the cell:
The nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus, connects to ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum- a system of packages
Rough ER- ribosomes assemble proteins for export out of the cell (ex. Insulin), membrane-bound, and inside cell
Smooth ER- synthesis of lipids (cholesterol)
Golgi Apparatus- packages and processes materials for export out of the cell
Secretory vesicles – transport materials to the cell membrane and releases them
Lysosomes- contain enzymes that will digest large particles. (found only in animal cells.)
Cell Membrane
separates the cell from its surrounding environment. Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Used to communicate with other cells.
Cytosol
water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float
Nucleus
contains DNA, the genetic material (blueprint) required for building, managing, growing, and reproducing cells. The nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus. Found only in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes
use mRNA as a template to make protein.
Lysosomes
use digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules (food + waste) for recycling or waste removal.
Rough ER
have ribosomes that produce SYNTHESIZED proteins (inside, membrane and secreted proteins) and used for transport
Smooth ER
produces lipids and helps break down toxic organic compounds and is used for transport
