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Biol 389-Immuno > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

innate immune system

A

phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophage)
granules

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2
Q

adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes
B and T cells

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

PRR recognize common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
unable to recognize novel pathogens
TLRs

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

diverse receptors specific for particular molecules on particular pathogens
capable of recognizing novel foreign molecules

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5
Q

immune memory

A

increased numbers of daughter B and T cells with same specificity serve to combat future infections by the same pathogen

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6
Q

T cell receptors

A

transmembrane proteins with very short cytoplasmic tails
variable regions of two chains together from the antigen binding site
need antigen presented, self-marker MHC molecule

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7
Q

Class I MHC

A

present peptides from degradation of proteins in cytosol
binds CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells

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8
Q

Class I MHC

A

present peptides from degradation of proteins in cytosol
binds CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells
inside the cell

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9
Q

Class II MHC

A

outside the cell
present peptides from extremely acquired proteins degraded in lysosomes
bind to CD4 coreceptor on CD4+ T cells

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10
Q

MHC polymorphism

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
chromosome 6

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11
Q

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

B cell receptors when expressed as a cell surface protein with a transmembrane domain
serve as soluble effector molecule when secreted by activated and differentiated B cell progeny (plasma cells)

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12
Q

immunoglobulin structure

A

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains
variable and constant regions

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13
Q

effector functions of secreted soluble immunoglobulins

A

neutralization of foreign particle or pathogen
opsonization
complement activation
activation of innate immune cells
protection of internal mucosal surfaces

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14
Q

why does the adaptive system require days-2 weeks to respons?

A

has to screen T and B cells and find the one that works before stimulating the production of it

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15
Q

T cell development

A

mature in thymus
undergo somatic recombination of their receptor genes and selection for functional receptors

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16
Q

B cell development

A

develop in bone marrow
undergo somatic recombination of their receptor genes and selection for functional receptors

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17
Q

antigen processing and presentation

A

dendritic cell at the site of infection phagocytose pathogens and migrate to lymph nodes where they present peptide fragments to T cells

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18
Q

T and B cell receptor diversity

A

different exon combinations –> different proteins
independent choices for alpha and beta chains, T cell receptors, heavy and light chain for B cell receptors

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19
Q

antigen receptor gene arrangement

A

somatic recombination splices DNA fragments
only in developing T and B cells
only spliced gene segments are expressed

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20
Q

V segments

A

variable
T cell receptor alpha chain and immunoglobulin light chain
T cell receptor beta chain and immunoglobulin heavy chain

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21
Q

J segments

A

joining
T cell receptor alpha and beta chain
immuno

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22
Q

J segments

A

joining
T cell receptor alpha and beta chain
immunoglobulin light and heavy chain

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23
Q

D segments

A

diverse??
T cell receptor beta chain
immunoglobulin heavy chain

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24
Q

t cell receptor gene rearrangements

A

one unique t-cell receptor expressed

25
Q

t cell receptor gene rearrangements

A

one unique t-cell receptor expressed
alpha chain joins single randomly V alpha to a single randomly selected J alpha segment forming random VaJa segments

26
Q

immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

A

heavy chain rearrangement joins a Vh segment to a Dh and Jh forming VHDHJH but the H are subscripts
light chain recombines VKJK OR VλJλ but K and λ as subscripts too, not both at the same time

27
Q

V(D)J recombinase

A

recombine DNA loop and intervening sequences
RAG1 and RAG2 bind and recognize recombination signal sequences that border V D and J DNA segments

28
Q

RAG

A

recombination activating gene

29
Q

RSS

A

recombination signal sequences
contain a heptamer sequence, nonamer sequence, and either a 12-bp or 23-bp spacer between

30
Q

diversity at the joints

A

RAG1/RAG2 recombinase cutting at the RSSs creates hairpins
nicking by artemis creates single-strand palindromic overhangs that create P-nucleotides
add/remove random nucleotides in multiples of three to increase diversity

31
Q

positive selection

A

successful production of functional protein allows the cell to proceed to the next step in development

32
Q

negative selection

A

remove autoreactive immune cells
determine how fast and accurately it recognizes self
wants moderate binding to MHC complexes

33
Q

antigen presentation

A

MHC molecules present peptides on the surface for inspection by T cells
most peptides are not recognized by T cells
during an infection some are recognized by T cells

34
Q

class I MHC

A

present peptides from proteins made inside
transmembrane alpha chain forms peptide binding pocket

35
Q

class II MHC

A

present peptides extracellularly
transmembrane alpha and beta chains together form peptide binding pocket

36
Q

class III

A

genes include immune regulatory proteins and some complement

37
Q

MHC I presentation

A
  1. proteins in cytoplasm digested to peptide fragments by proteasome
  2. peptide fragments transported into ER and loaded onto class I MHC molecules
  3. complexes exit ER, travel to plasma membrane via secretory pathway which can then activate a CD8 T cell
38
Q

MHC II presentation

A
  1. proteases in phagolysosomes degrade endocytosed or phagocytosed proteins into peptide fragments
  2. phagolysosomes fuse with secretory vesicles that contain MHC II proteins
  3. complexes travel to plasma membrane
  4. CD4 T cell can be activated
39
Q

T cell receptor signaling

A

alpha and beta chains have short cytoplasmic tails
receptors associate with other transmembrane proteins forming CD3 complex

40
Q

CD3 complex

A

proteins with cytoplasmic tails with signaling motifs

41
Q

CD4 T cell

A

helper T cell

42
Q

CD8 T cell

A

cytotoxic T cell
kill intracellularly affected cells, target inside protein

43
Q

TH1

A

activated macophages

44
Q

TH2

A

helps activate B cells

45
Q

TH17

A

activates neutrophils

46
Q

NK T cells

A

act like cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

47
Q

regulatory T cells

A

induces tolerance

48
Q

memory t cells

A

all activated T cells form memory T cells
can last for decades

49
Q

B cell receptor complex

A

membrane bound antibody
no antigen presentation
external antigen
interacts with external area of protein
activates B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells

50
Q

isotypes

A

constant Fc
arrow shaft

51
Q

isiotypes

A

antigen specificity

52
Q

allotypes

A

allele sequence causing variation

53
Q

IgM

A

default
present on membrane and secreted
B cell receptor

54
Q

IgD

A

present on membrane
default
B cell receptor

55
Q

IgD

A

B cell receptor
main circulatory
secondary immune response

56
Q

IgE

A

B cell receptor
mass cells
granulocyte
sugar ?
hay fever allergy

57
Q

IgA

A

B cell receptor
secreted dimer
mucosal membrane

58
Q

primary immune response

A

first exposure to antigen
requires 10-14 days for antigen processins, migration of dendritic cells, presentation to T cells, differentiation of T and B cells

59
Q

secondary immune response

A

memory cells encounter antigen faster; respond more effectively
stronger/faster (1 day)

Biol 389-Immuno (5 decks)

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