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KIN 435 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for vascular resistance?

A

Vascular Resistance =(Input pressure - output pressure) / blood flow

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2
Q

What is the Fick Principle Equation?

A

Q = VO2 / (CaO2 - CVO2)
Q = Cardiac Output
VO2 = O2 consumption per minute
CaO2 = O2 concentration of blood leaving lung
CvO2 = O2 concentration of blood entering lung

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3
Q

What is pulmonary vascular resistance normally?

A
  • Small
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4
Q

When does pulmonary vascular resistance decrease? why?

A

On Exercise
- Recruitment of capillaries
- Distension of Capillaries
some compounds

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5
Q

When does Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Increase?

A
  • High lung volume
  • Low lung volume
  • Alveolar Hypoxia
  • some compounds
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6
Q

What compounds cause pulmonary vascular resistance to increase?

A
  • Endothelin
  • Histamine
  • Serotonin
  • Thromboxane A2
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7
Q

What compounds cause Pulmonary Vascular Resistance to Decrease?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Calcium-channel Blockers
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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8
Q

What does gravity do to the lung?

A
  • Causes large differences in Distribution of Blood Flow
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9
Q

How many zones are in the lung? (blood flow zones)

A
  • 3
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10
Q

What happens in Zone 1 of blood flow in the lung? When is this not seen?

A

Zone 1
- No flow
- Pulmonary artery pressure is less than alveolar pressure
Not Seen
- Under normal conditions

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11
Q

What happens in Zone 2 of blood flow in the lung?

A
  • Flow is determined by the difference between arterial and alveolar pressure
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12
Q

What happens in Zone 3 of blood flow in the lung?

A
  • Flow is determined by difference in arterial and venous pressure
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13
Q

Where does flow increase in Zone 2 and 3 of blood flow in the lung?

A
  • down each zone (due to gravity)
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14
Q

What does Alveolar Hypoxia do to small pulmonary arteries? Why?

A

Constricts them
- Direct effect of low PO2 on vascular smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is Critical at Birth during the transition from placental to air breathing?

A

Release of Alveolar Hypoxic Vasoconstriction
- Reduces constriction of small pulmonary arteries

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16
Q

When can Alveolar Hypoxic Vasoconstriction be used in the adult lung?

A
  • To direct blood flow away from poorly ventilated areas of a diseased lung in an adult
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17
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

A
  • Pressure on Pulmonary Circulation is much lower
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18
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary capillaries and extra-alveolar vessels?

A

Capillaries
- exposed to alveolar pressure
Extra-Alveolar Vessels
- Pressure around them is lower

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19
Q

Why is there uneven blood flow in the lung?

A
  • Gravity: Higher blood flow at base than apex in upright lung
  • Random Variation of blood vessels: any given level
20
Q

What is fluid movement across the capillary endothelium governed by?

A
  • Startling Equilibrium
21
Q

What is a main metabolic function of pulmonary circulation?

A
  • Conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
22
Q

What are the walls of pulmonary arteries and branches made up of?

A
  • little smooth muscle
23
Q

how much blood does the lung receive?

23
Q

how much blood does the lung receive?

24
What is the average pulmonary artery pressure? what about aortic pressure?
Pulmonary Artery - 15mmHg Aortic - 95-100mmHg
25
What is the left atrial pressure?
- 5mmHg
26
Compare Systemic Circulation to Lung Circulation
Systemic - Regulates blood supply to various organs - Directs blood from one region to another Lung - Accepts entire output - Keeps Pressure low - Minimize RT heart work - Allow Efficient Gas Exchange
27
What is a Pressure Gradient?
- Blood Flow from region of high pressure to region of low pressure
28
What is the Pressure gradient across the entire cardiovascular system?
- 100mmHg
29
Do Blood Vessels and Blood itself provide resistance to flow?
- YES
30
What is the Equation for Resistance to Flow?
Resistance = [nL/r^4] n = viscosity of blood L = length of vessel r^4 = radius of the vessel to the 4th power
31
What is the equation for blood flow? (in terms of pressure and resistance)
Blood Flow = Change in Pressure/Resistance
32
How can blood flow change?
Changes in - Pressure - Resistance - Combination of both
33
Why does changing resistance have a larger effect on blood flow?
- Fourth power relationship between resistance and vessel radius
34
How does Vasoconstriction impact Blood Flow?
- Radius decreases - Resistance Increase - Blood Flow Decreases
35
How would vasodilation impact blood flow?
- Increase Radius - Decrease Resistance - Increase Blood Flow
36
What do Extra-Alveolar Vessels include? How are they affected by lung volume?
Arteries and Veins that run through the lung parenchyma - lung volume determines the expanding pull of the parenchyma on their walls
37
What happens to Alveolar and Extra-alveolar vessels at different lung volumes?
High Lung Volume - Alveolar vessels: compressed - Extra-alveolar vessels: distended due to low pleural pressure Low Lung Volumes - Alveolar Vessels: Distended - Extra-alveolar vessels: compressed from pleural pressure
38
What is the equation for Vascular resistance?
VR = Input P - Output P / Blood Flow VR = (15-5) / 6 (average at rest) VR = 1.7mmHg/L/min
39
How does Resistance lower as pressure rises?
- Recruitment: Closed vessels conduct blood - Distension: Increase in Caliber
40
Does resistance increase or decrease with exercise?
- Decrease
41
What is the force that tends to push fluid out of the capillary?
Capillary Hydrostatic pressure minus interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pc-Pi)
42
What is the force tending to pull fluid in the capillary?
Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Protein of blood minus COP of Protein in interstitial fluid (πc - πi)
43
What does σ mean?
- Indicates the effectiveness of the capillary wall in preventing the passage of protein across it
44
What is the Starling Equation that determines fluid exchange?
Net Fluid Out = K[(Pc – Pi) – σ(πc – πi)]
45
What happens if there is Pulmonary Edema? (build-up of pressure)
First - Engorgement of peribronchial and perivascular spaces (interstitial edema) Later - Fluid cross alveolar epithelium - Fluid in alveolar space - Gas exchange impairment
46
What substances are metabolized in the lung? What one is important?
Vasoactive and Bronchoactive Substances - Arachidonic Acid Metabolites

KIN 435 (14 decks)

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