Chapter 4

Question 1

Apriori algorithm

Answer 1

The most commonly used algorithm to discover association rules by recursively identifying frequent itemsets

Question 2

area under the ROC curve

Answer 2

A graphical assessment technique for binary classification models where the true positive rate is plotted on the Y-axis and the false positive rate is plotted on the X-axis

Question 3

association

Answer 3

A category of data mining algorithm that establishes relationships about items that occur together in a given record.

Question 4

bootstrapping

Answer 4

A sampling technique where a fixed number of instances from the original data is sampled (with replacement) for training and the rest of the data set is used for testing

Question 5

categorical data

Answer 5

Data that represent the labels of multiple classes used to divide a variable into specific groups

Question 6

classification

Answer 6

Supervised induction used to analyze the historical data stored in a database and to automatically generate a model that can predict future behavior.

Question 7

clustering

Answer 7

Partitioning a database into segments in which the members of a segment share similar qualities, unsupervised, used to find natural groupings

Question 8

confidence

Answer 8

In association rules, the conditional probability of finding the RHS of the rule present in a list of transactions where the LHS of the rule already exists

Question 9

CRISP-DM

Answer 9

Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining
1) business understanding
2) data understanding
3) data preprocessing
4) model building
5) test and evaluate
6) deploy

Question 10

data mining

Answer 10

A process that uses statistical, mathematical, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning techniques to extract and identify useful information and subsequent knowledge from large databases

Question 11

decision tree

Answer 11

A graphical presentation of a sequence of interrelated decisions to be made under assumed risk

Question 12

distance measure

Answer 12

A method used to calculate the closeness between pairs of items in most cluster analysis methods (Euclidean, Manhattan)

Question 13

ensemble

Answer 13

These are combinations of the outcomes produced by two or more analytics models into a compound output.

Question 14

entropy

Answer 14

A metric that measures the extent of uncertainty or randomness in a data set

Question 15

Gini index

Answer 15

A metric that is used in economics to measure the diversity of the population. The same concept can be used to determine the purity of a specific class as a result of a decision to branch along a particular attribute/variable

Question 16

information gain

Answer 16

The splitting mechanism used in ID3 (a popular decision-tree algorithm)

Question 17

interval data

Answer 17

Variables that can be measured on interval scales

Question 18

k-fold cross validation

Answer 18

A popular accuracy assessment technique for prediction models where the complete data set is randomly split into k mutually exclusive subsets of approximately equal size. The classification model is trained and tested k times. Each time it is trained on all but one fold and then tested on the remaining single fold. The cross-validation estimate of the overall accuracy of a model is calculated by simply averaging the k individual accuracy measures

Question 19

KNIME

Answer 19

An open-source, free-of-charge, platform-agnostic analytics software tool

Question 20

knowledge discovery in databases (KDD)

Answer 20

A machine-learning process that performs rule induction or a related procedure to establish knowledge from large databases

Question 21

lift

Answer 21

a tool used to answer “Are all association rules interesting and useful?”

Question 22

link analysis

Answer 22

The linkage among many objects of interest is discovered automatically, such as the link between Web pages and referential relationships among groups of academic publication authors

Question 23

Microsoft Enterprise Consortium

Answer 23

serves as the worldwide source for access to Microsoft’s SQL Server software suite for academic purposes—teaching and research

Question 24

Microsoft SQL Server

Answer 24

data and the models are stored in the same relational database environment

Question 25

nominal data

Answer 25

a value that can be reduced to a label. e.g. Marital Status (1: Single, 2: Married, 3: Divorced, etc)

Question 26

numeric data

Answer 26

A type of data that represent the numeric values of specific variables

Question 27

ordinal data

Answer 27

similar to nominal data except there is a natural hierarchy or order e.g. Credit Score (1: low, 2: medium, 3: high)

Question 28

prediction

Answer 28

The act of telling about the future

Question 29

RapidMiner

Answer 29

A popular, open-source, free-of-charge data mining software suite that employs a graphically enhanced user interface, a rather large number of algorithms, and a variety of data visualization features

Question 30

regression

Answer 30

A data mining method for real-world prediction problems where the predicted values (i.e., the output variable or dependent variable) are numeric (e.g., predicting the temperature for tomorrow as 68°F)

Question 31

SEMMA

Answer 31

a data mining process: sample, explore, modify, model, assess

Question 32

sensitivity analysis

Answer 32

A study of the effect of a change in one or more input variables on a proposed solution

Question 33

sequence mining

Answer 33

A pattern discovery method where relationships among the things are examined in terms of their order of occurrence to identify associations over time

Question 34

simple split

Answer 34

Data are partitioned into two mutually exclusive subsets called a training set and a test set (or holdout set). It is common to designate two-thirds of the data as the training set and the remaining one-third as the test set

Question 35

support

Answer 35

The measure of how often products and/or services appear together in the same transaction; that is, the proportion of transactions in the data set that contain all of the products and/or services mentioned in a specific rule

Question 36

Weka

Answer 36

A popular, free-of-charge, open-source suite of machine-learning software written in Java, developed at the University
of Waikato

Question 37

data mining task / method taxonomy

Answer 37

[
Prediction [
Classification,
Regression,
Time-Series],
Association [
Market Basket,
Link Analysis,
Sequence Analysis],
Segmentation [
Clustering,
Outlier Analysis
]]