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NSCI 100 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

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2
Q

resting potential

A

the steady membrane potential of about -70 mV is called the neuron’s resting potential

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3
Q

ions

A

the salts in neural tissue separate into positively and negatively charged particles called ions

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4
Q

ion channels

A

These unequal distributions of Na + and K+ ions are maintained even though there are specialized pores

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5
Q

natrium

A

sodium jions

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6
Q

kalium

A

potassium ions

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7
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

from the resting membrane potential
because opposite charges attract, the -70 mV charge attracts the positively charged Na+ ions into resting neurons

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8
Q

concentration gradient

A

they are more likely to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration than vice versa

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9
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

ion transport is performed by mechanisms in the cell membrane that continually exchange three Na+ ions inside the neuron for two K+ ions outside

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10
Q

transporters

A

mechanisms in membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that diffuse across the synaptic clefts and interact with specialized receptor molecules on the receptive membranes of the next neurons in the circuit

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12
Q

depolarize

A

decrease the resting membrane potential, from -70 to -67 mV, for example

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13
Q

hyperpolarize

A

increase the resting membrane potential from -70 to -72 mV

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14
Q

EPSP’s

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials
increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire

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15
Q

IPSPs

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire

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16
Q

axon hillock

A

the conical structure at the junction between the cell body and the axon

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17
Q

threshold of excitation

A

-65 mV
when an action potential is generated

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18
Q

action potential

A

massive but momentary - lasting for 1 millisecond - reversal of the membrane potential from about -70 to about +50

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19
Q

all or none response

A

the action potential either occurs to their full extent or do not occur at all

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20
Q

integration

A

adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal

done through spatial summation and temporal summation

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21
Q

voltage-activated ion channels

A

ion channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

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22
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a brief period of about 1 to 2 milliseconds after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit a second one

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23
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period in which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher-than normal levels of stimulation

the end of the relative refractory period is the point at which the amount of stimulation necessary to fire a neuron returns to baseline

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24
Q

myelin

A

insulated from the extracellular fluid by segments of fatty tissue

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25
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

the gaps between adjacent myelin segments

26
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons

27
Q

dendritic spines

A

nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites

28
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

packages small- molecule neurotransmitters and are typically synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal button

29
Q

microtubules

A

transport the vesicles to the terminal buttons
at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day

30
Q

exocytosis

A

the process of neurotransmitter release

31
Q

Ca2+

A

when stimulated by action potentials these channels open and Ca2+ enter the button

the entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and empty their contents into the synaptic cleft

32
Q

receptors

A

a protein that contains binding sites for only particular neurotransmitters

neurotransmitter can influence only those cells that have receptors for it

33
Q

ligand

A

any molecule that binds to another

34
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

associated with ligand-activated ion channels

35
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

G proteins - Guanosine-triphosphate-sensitive proteins

receptor activates G protein

Does not directly open ion channels

Requires metabolism

Effects are slower,longer-lasting, more diffuse and more varied than ionictropic receptors

36
Q

autoreceptors

A

metabotropic receptors that have two unconventional characteristics

they bind to their neurons own neurotransmitter molecules

they are located on the presynaptic, rather than the postsynaptic, membrane

37
Q

reuptake

A

the majority of neurotransmitters, once released, are almost immediately drawn back into the presynaptic buttons by transporter mechanisms

38
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

neurotransmitters are degraded in the synapse by the action of enzymes

39
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA, glycine

A

common in the proteins we consume, whereas GABA is synthesized by a simple modification of the structure of glutamate

Glutamate is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system

GABA is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter

40
Q

Monoamines: dopamine,serotonin, epi/norepipephrine

A

catecholamines

each is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

Tyrosine is converted to L-dopa which in turn is converted to dopamine

41
Q

Catecholamines

A
42
Q

Catecholamines

A

synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

43
Q

indoamines

A

different structure than catecholamines

44
Q

adrenergic

A

release epinephrine

45
Q

noradrenergic

A

release norepinephrine

46
Q

acetylcholine

A

small molecule neurotransmitter

broken down in the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

47
Q

cholinergic

A

neurons that release acetylcholine

48
Q

unconventional neurotransmitters

A

act in ways that are different from those that neuroscientists have come to think of as typical for such substances

49
Q

nitric oxide

A

soluble-gas neurotransmitters

produced in the natural cytoplasm and immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into extra-cellular fluid and then into nearby cells

50
Q

endocannabinoids

A

are neurotransmitters that are similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana

synthesized from fatty compounds in the cell membrane; they tend to be released from the dendrites and cell body

tend to have most of their effects on presynaptic neurons inhibiting subsequent synaptic transmission

51
Q

THC

A

main psychoactive constituent of marijuana

52
Q

anandamide

A

produced immediately before they are released

like soluble gases

53
Q

agonists

A

drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

54
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

55
Q

atropine

A

receptor blocker that exerts its antagonist effect by binding to muscarinic receptors, thereby blocking the effects of acetylcholine on them

56
Q

curare

A

an extract of a certain class of woody vines

South American natives have long used curare on the tips of darts they used to kill their game

receptor blocker at cholinergic synapses, but it acts at nicotinic receptors

by binding to nicotinic receptors, blocks transmission at neuromuscular junctions
thus paralyzing them

57
Q

botox

A

neurotoxin released by a bacterium often found in spoiled food

blocks the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and is thus a deadly poison

58
Q

endogenous opioids

A

occurring naturally within the body

all endogenous opioid neurotransmitters are neuropeptides and their receptors are metabotropic

59
Q

morphine

A

addictive

effective analgesic (painkiller)

60
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

area of the brain stem around the cerebral aqueduct, which connects the third and fourth ventricles; this part of the brain stem is PAG

NSCI 100 (6 decks)

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