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NSCI 100 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

the division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine

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2
Q

PNS

A

the division located outside the skull and spine

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment
composed of afferent and efferent neurons

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment

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5
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

carry sensory signals from the skin,skeletal muscles,joints,eyes,ears and so on

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6
Q

Efferent nerves

A

carry motor signals from the ventral nervous system to the skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic nerves stimulate,organize and mobilize energy resource in threatening situations
fight or flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

autonomic target organ receives opposing sympathetic activity
changes are indicative of psychological relaxation

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9
Q

Meninges: Dura,Pia, Arachnoid

A

Protective membranes
Dura - tough membrane
Arachnoid - fine spider-web-like membrane
Pia - delicate , which adheres to the surface of the CNS

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10
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

also protecting the CNS
fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles of the brain

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11
Q

cerebral ventricles (lateral, 3rd, 4th)

A

four large internal chambers of the brain
the two lateral ventricles
the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle

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12
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles

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13
Q

choroid plexus

A

networks of capillaries, or small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater
cerebrospinal is produced

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14
Q

neurons

A

cells that are specialized for the reception,conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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15
Q

glial cells

A

Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should.

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16
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system
- CNS

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17
Q

Schwann Cells

A

performed in the peripheral nervous system
each Schwann cell constitutes one myelin segment
wrap around with myelin

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18
Q

astrocytes

A

largest glial cells

extensions of some astrocytes cover the outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain

play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and blocking other chemicals

they have the ability to contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions

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19
Q

microglia

A

smaller than other glial cells
respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells and triggering inflammatory responses

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20
Q

nuclei ganglia

A

in CNS
clusters of cell bodies

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21
Q

Ganglia

A

in the PNS
clusters of cell bodies

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22
Q

tracts/nerves

A
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23
Q

anterior

A

towards the nose end

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24
Q

posterior

A

toward the tail end

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25
Q

dorsal

A

toward the surface of the back or the top of the dead

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26
Q

ventral

A

toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head

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27
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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28
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline toward the body’s lateral surfaces

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29
Q

superior

A

above
towards the head

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30
Q

inferior

A

below
towards the ground

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31
Q

proximal

A

close

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32
Q

distal

A

far

33
Q

planes: frontal,horizontal,sagittal

A

the brain gets cut in one of three different planes

34
Q

grey matter

A

composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

35
Q

white matter

A

composed largely of myelinated axons

36
Q

tectum

A

Tectum - composed of two pairs of bumps = inferior coliculi (posterior) and superior colliculi (anterior)
Inferior coliculi = auditory function
Superior colliculi = visual-motor function

37
Q

contralateral/ipsilateral

A

contralateral = opposite side
Ispilateral = same side

38
Q

fissures,slci,gyri

A

The deep furrows are called fissures
shallow ones are called sulci (singluar; sulcus).
The ridges between the sulci are known as a gyri (singular; gyrus).

39
Q

telencephalon

A

the largest division of the human brain
mediates the brain’s most complex functions
initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving

40
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of two structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus
thalamus - relay station in the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems
hypothalamus - regulation of several motivated behaviors (eating,sleep and sexual behavior)

41
Q

mesencephalon

A

made up of the tectum and the tegmentum
Tectum - dorsal surface of the midbrain
Tegmentum - division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum

42
Q

metencephalon

A

houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation
contain the pons, cerebellum

43
Q

myelencephalon(medulla)

A

the most posterior division of the brain, composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body
contains the reticular formation

44
Q

reticular formation

A

a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain

functions - sleep,attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle ton, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes

*arousal

45
Q

pons

A

a bulge on the brain stem’s ventral surface
handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing

46
Q

cerebellum

A

convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface

it is an important sensorimotor structure

cerebellar damage eliminates the ability to precisely control one’s movements and to adapt them to changing conditions

however, the fact that cerebellar damage also produces a variety of cognitive deficits

47
Q

inferior and superior colliculi

A

inferior = auditory function
superior = visual-motor function, specifically to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli

48
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct, the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles

49
Q

substantia nigra

A

black substance

important components of the sensorimotor system

50
Q

red nucleus

A

important components of the sensorimotor system

51
Q

thalamus

A

large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem
one lobe sits on each side of the thrid ventricle and the two lobes are joined by the massa intermedia
thalamic nuclei are the sensory relay nucli and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex

52
Q

massa intermedia

A

joins the two lobes of the thalamus

runs through the ventricle

visible on the surface of the thalamus are white lamina (layers) that are composed of myelinated axons

53
Q

lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

A

are important relay stations in the visual and auditory systems

54
Q

hypothalamus

A

located just below the anterior thalamus
important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors ( eating, sleep and sexual behavior)
it exerts its effects in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

55
Q

pituitary gland

A

dangles from the hypothalamus
regulates the release of hormones

56
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together
the X shape is created because some of the axons of the optic nerve decussate (cross over to the other side of the brain) via the optic chiasm

57
Q

mammillary body

A

considered to be part of the hypothalamus
pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitary
recollective memory

58
Q

cerebral cortex

A

cerebral hemisphere are covered by a layer to tissue called the cerebral cortext

59
Q

fissures,sulci,gyri

A

fissure - large furrows in a convoluted cortex
sulci - small ones
gyri- ridges between fissures and sulci

60
Q

longitudinal fissure,central fissure and lateral fissure

A

Longitudinal fissure - cerebral hemisphere almost completely separated by the largest of the fissures
Central fissure - seperate the frontal and parietal lobe
Lateral fissure - superate temporal lobe and Frontal + Parietal

61
Q

cerebral commissures: corpus callosum

A

hemisphere connecting tacts = cerebral commissures
the largest cerebral commissure is the corpus callosum

62
Q

precentral and postcentral gyrus

A

large gyri for the central fissure

63
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

bellow the lateral fissure

64
Q

frontal lobe

A

pre-central gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex have a motor function
whereas the frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex performs complex cognitive functions such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior and assessing the significance of the behavior of others

65
Q

parietal lobe

A

postcentral gyrus analyzes sensations from the body, whereas the remaining areas of cortex in the posterior parts of the parietal lobes play roles in perceiving the location o both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention

66
Q

temporal lobe

A

the superior temporal gyrus is involved in hearing and language
the inferior temporal cortex identifies complex visual patterns
the medial portion of the temporal cortex (which is not visible from the usual side view) is important for certain kinds of memory

67
Q

occipital lobe

A

analysis of visual input to guide our behavior

68
Q

hippocampus

A

this folding produces a shape that is,in cross-section, somewhat reminiscent of a seahorse
the hippocampus plays a major role in some kinds of memory, particularly memory for spatial location

69
Q

limbic system

A

circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus (limbic means “ring”)
the limbic system is involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors - including the four F’s of motivation
fleeing
feeding
fighting
sexual behavior

70
Q

amygdala

A

an almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe
the perception of emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, as well as the controlling of aggression

71
Q

cingulate cortex

A

the large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres, just superior to the corpus callosum; it encircles the dorsal thalamus

72
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

an arch-shaped convolution situated just above the corpus callosum.

73
Q

fornix

A

the major tract of the limbic system also encircles the dorsal thalamus; it leaves the dorsal end of the hippocampus and sweeps forward in an arc coursing along the superior surface of the third ventricle and terminating in the septum and mammillary bodies

74
Q

basal ganglia

A

amygdala, striatum and globus pallidus

75
Q

caudate

A

long tail-like
sweeping out of each amygdala, first in a posterior direction and then in an anterior direction
each one forms an almost complete circle; in its center connected to it by a series of fiber bridges

76
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

a disorder characterized by rigidity, tremors and poverty of voluntary movement is associated with the deterioration of this pathway (basal ganglia)

77
Q

tegmentum

A

division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum
reticular formation and tracts of passage
contains the periaqueductal gray,substantia nigra and the red nucleus

78
Q

striatum

A

together the caudate and the putamen, which both have a stripped appearance

79
Q

globus pallidus

A

the remaining structure of the basal ganglia is the pale circular structure known as the globus pallidus
located medial to the putamen between the putamen and the thalamus

NSCI 100 (6 decks)

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