Chapter 4 Flashcards

Question

Partial weight bearing (PWB)

Answer 1

Means the resident is able to support somebody weight on one or both legs

Answer 2

Means the resident is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs

Answer 3

Means that both legs can bear 100% of the body weight on a step

Answer 4

Redness, drainage, bleeding or warmth in incision area An increase in pain Numbness or tingling Tenderness or swelling in the calf of the affected leg Shortening and/or external rotation of the affected leg Abnormal vital signs, especially a change in temperature Resident cannot use equipment properly or safely Resident is not following doctor's orders for activity and exercise Any problems with appetite Any improvements, such as increased strength and improved ability to walk

Answer 5

Surgical replacement of the knee with a prosthetic knee Is performed to relieve pain Helps to stabilize

Answer 6

To prevent blood clots, apply special stockings as ordered Promote ankle pumps as ordered. These are simple exercises that promote circulation to the legs. They are done by raising the toes and feet toward the ceiling and lowering them again Encourage fluids, especially cranberry and orange juices which contain vitamin C to prevent urinary tract infections Assist with deep breathing exercises as ordered Ask the nurse to give pain medication prior to moving and positioning if needed Report redness, swelling, heat or deep tenderness and water both calves

Answer 7

Is the control and message center of the body Controls and coordinates all bodily functions Senses and interprets information from outside the body

Answer 8

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 9

Deals with the periphery, or outer part of the body via the nerves

Answer 10

Responses and reflexes slow Sensitivity of nerve endings and skin decreases People may show some memory loss, more often with short-term memory.

Answer 11

Suggest residents make lists or write notes about things they want to remember Place a calendar nearby If the resident likes to reminisce take an interest in their past but asking to see photos or hear stories Allow time for decision making Avoid sudden changes in schedule Allow plenty of time for movement Encourage reading, thinking and other mental activities

Answer 12

Fatigue or any pain with movement or exercise Shaking or trembling Inability to move one side of the body Difficulty speaking or slurring of speech Numbness or tingling Disturbance or changes in vision or hearing Dizziness or loss of balance Changes in eating patterns and/or fluid intake Difficulty swallowing Bowel and bladder changes Depression or mood changes Memory loss or confusion Violent behavior Any unusual or unexplained change in behavior Decrease stability to perform ADLs

Answer 13

Cuz when blood supply to a part of the brain is blocks or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain

Answer 14

Most common type. The blood supply is blocked. Without blood, part of the brain does not receive oxygen. Brain cells begin to die.

Answer 15

Hemiplegia: paralysis on one side of the body Hemiparesis: weakness on one side of the body Tendency to ignore one side of the body, called one-sided neglect Loss of the ability to tell where affected body parts are Expressive aphasia: trouble communicating thoughts through writing Receptive aphasia: difficulty understanding spoken or written words Emotional liability: inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying and anger Loss of sensations such as temperature or touch Loss of bowel or bladder control Cognitive problems, such as poor judgment, memory loss, loss of problem solving abilities and confusion Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing

Answer 16

Apply range of motion exercises to strengthen muscles and keep joints mobile. Perform leg exercises to aid circulation. Loss of movement we usually require occupational therapy Never refer to the weaker side as the "bad side." Use terms like weaker or involved to refer to the side with paralysis. Help those with speech loss or communication problems recognize written or spoken words. Evaluated resonance swallowing ability. Thickened liquids may be necessary Keep a routine of care. Memory loss is upsetting. People often cry for no apparent reason. Be patient and understanding. Encourage Independence and self-esteem. Let the resident do things for themselves whenever possible. Praise efforts and even the smallest successes Always check your residence body alignment. Sometimes an arm or a leg can be caught in the resident is unaware Pay special attention to skin care and observe for changes in the skin of a resident is unable to move If there is a loss of touch or sensation check for potentially harmful situations (for example heat and sharp objects.) If unable to move, check and change positioning often to prevent pressure injuries Adapt procedures when caring for residents with one-sided paralysis or weakness Always use a gait belt during transfers or walking. Stand on the weaker side. Lead with the stronger side Dress the affected/weaker side first. Place the weaker arm or leg into clothing first. Undress the stronger side first then remove the affected/weeker arm Is assistive equipment to help the resident dress themselves. Encourage self-care

Answer 17

Keep questions and directions simple Phrase questions so they can be answered with a "yes" or "no" Agree on signals, such as shaking or nodding the head or raising a hand or finger for "yes" or "no" Give residence time to respond. Listen attentively Use a pencil and paper if the resident can write. A thick handle or tape around the pencil may help the resident hold it more easily Keep the call signal within reach. You smiles, touches and gestures to let the resident know you have confidence in their abilities. Gestures and pointing can also help give information or allow the resident to communicate He's communication boards are special cards to aid communication

Answer 18

A disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate. It affects the muscles, causing them to be stiff. It causes stooped posture and a shuffling gait. Tremors make it hard to perform ADLs. It is progressive and incurable

Answer 19

Visual and spatial impairments may occur. Protect residents from unsafe areas and conditions. Help with ambulation as needed Assist with ADLs as needed Assist with range of motion exercises to prevent contractures and to strengthen muscles Observe for any swallowing problems and report them to the nurse Encourage self-care. Be patient with self-care and communication

Answer 20

A progressive disease that affects the central nervous system. A breakdown of the myelin sheath that covers the nerves, spinal cord and white matter of the brain results in nerves not being able to send messages to and from the brain in a normal way

Answer 21

Weakness numbness tingling incontinence behavior changes Blindness contractures loss of function in the arms and legs

Answer 22

Assist with ADLs as needed. Allow enough time for tasks. Offer rest periods as necessary Give the resident plenty of time to communicate. Be patient. Do not rush Prevent falls which may be due to vision loss, fatigue or lack of coordination Stress can worsen the effects of ms. Be calm. Listen to the residents when they want to talk Symptoms can sometimes change daily; offer support and encouragement and adapt care to the symptoms reported Encourage a healthy diet with plenty of fluids Sis with range of motion exercises to prevent contractures and to strengthen muscles

Answer 23

Paralysis, or loss of muscle function that affects only one part of the body. Often paresis describes a weakness or loss of ability on one side of the body

Answer 24

Loss of function of the lower body and legs

Answer 25

Loss of function in the legs, trunk and arms

Answer 26

The higher the injury on the spinal cord, the greater the loss of function

Answer 27

Be careful residents do not burn themselves. People who are paralyzed have no sensation Encourage exercise, fluids and a high fiber diet Male residents may have involuntary erections. Provide for privacy. Assist with bowel and bladder training is if needed

Answer 28

Vision and hearing decrease. Senses of taste, smell and touch decrease as well Sense of balance may be affected

Answer 29

Keep residence eyeglasses clean Bright colors and proper lighting help vision Make sure hearing aids are kept clean and that they are worn Face the resident and speak slowly and clearly. Avoid shouting Help as needed with regular bathing Be careful with hot drinks and hot bath water

Answer 30

Changes in vision or hearing Signs of infection Dizziness Complaints of pain and eyes or ears

Answer 31

Glaucoma can occur suddenly causing severe pain, nausea and vomiting. It can also occur gradually Symptoms include: Blurred vision Tunnel vision Blue green halos around lights

Answer 32

The heart pumps less efficiently Blood flow decreases Blood vessels narrow

Answer 33

Encourage walking, stretching and even lifting weights to maintain strength and promote circulation Range of motion exercises are important for residents who can't get out of bed Player clothing to help keep residents warm Sucks, slippers or shoes help keep the feet warm

Answer 34

Changes in pulse rate Weakness, fatigue Loss of ability to perform ADLs Edema or the swelling of ankles, feet, fingers or hands Pale or bluish hands, feet or lips Chest pain Weight gain Shortness of breath, changes in breathing patterns, inability to catch breath Severe headache Inactivity

Answer 35

It's major cause is atherosclerosis, or hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels. It can also result from kidney disease, tumors of the adrenal gland, pregnancy and certain medications

Answer 36

Hypertension can lead to CVA (stroke) heart attack, kidney disease or blindness Residents may take medication that lowers blood pressure. They may take diuretics: medications that reduce fluid in the body Offer trips to the bathroom regularly Exercise and special diets such as low fat or low sodium maybe prescribed

Answer 37

Occurs when the blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow reducing the supply of blood to the heart muscle and depriving it of oxygen and nutrients. Over time as fatty deposits black the artery, the muscle that was supplied by the blood vessel dies. CAD can lead to heart attack or stroke

Answer 38

Chest pain resulting from the heart muscle not receiving enough oxygen causing pain, pressure or discomfort Usually described as pressure or tightness occurring in the left side or the center of the chest, behind the sternum or breast bone. Some people have pain moving down the inside of the left arm or to the neck and left side of the jaw. A person suffering from angina pectoris May sweat or look pale. They may feel dizzy and have trouble breathing

Answer 39

Encourage rest which reduces the heart's need for extra oxygen. It helps blood flow return to normal often within 3 to 15 minutes Nitroglycerin is used to medicate and relax the walls of the coronary arteries. It can be used as symptoms arise. I led the nurse of the resident needs help taking a medication. Nitroglycine is also available as a patch. Tell the nurse immediately if the patch comes off Residents should avoid heavy meals, overeating and intense exercise Help mitigate the effects of cold, hot and humid weather

Answer 40

When blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, oxygen and nutrients fail to reach the cells in that area. Waste products are not removed. The muscle cells die. An MI can result in serious heart damage or death

Answer 41

A cardiac rehabilitation program consists of the following: Low cholesterol, low saturated fat and low sodium diet Regular exercise Medications to regulate heart rate and blood pressure to lower cholesterol and lower triglycerides Regular blood testing Cessation of smoking Avoiding cold temperatures Stress Management program Encourage residents to follow their special diets and exercise programs Be encouraging if residents have quit or are trying to quit smoking Reduce stress as much as possible. Report signs and complaints of stress to the nurse

Answer 42

When one or both sides of the heart stopped pumping blood properly, occurring after the heart muscle has been severely damaged. When the left side of the heart is affected, blood backs up into the lungs When the right side of the heart has been affected, blood backs up into the legs, feet or abdomen.

Answer 43

Medications can strengthen the heart muscle and improve its pumping Medications help remove excess fluids. This means more trips to the bathroom. Answer call lights promptly and help as needed with getting to the toilet or commode Encourage residents to follow low sodium diet orders or fluid restrictions A weakened heart may make it hard for residents to walk, carry items or climb stairs. Allow for rest after an activity Measure intake and output of fluids is ordered Play residence as instructed. Daily weighing at the same time to watch for weight gain from fluid retention Play elastic leg stockings is ordered to reduce swelling and feet and ankles Assist with range of motion exercises as ordered Keep the head of the bed elevated and/or use extra pillows to assist with breathing The common side effect of medications for CHF is dizziness. Report this to the nurse if observed

Answer 44

When the legs, feet, arms or hands do not have enough blood circulation due to fatty deposits in the blood vessels

Answer 45

Legs, arms and extremities feel cool or cold Swollen hands and feet Ulcers of the legs and feet may develop and can become infected Severe pain with walking Risk factors include: smoking Diabetes High cholesterol Hypertension Inactivity Obesity

Answer 46

The body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide through breathing

Answer 47

Consists of: inspiration (breathing in oxygen) Expiration (breathing out carbon dioxide)

Answer 48

Lung strength decreases Lung capacity decreases Oxygen in the blood decreases Voice weekends

Answer 49

Reduce / eliminate exposure to cigarette smoke or polluted air Encourage exercise and regular movement giving rest periods as needed Assist with deep breathing exercises Residents who have difficulty breathing will usually be more comfortable sitting up rather than lying down

Answer 50

Change in respiratory rate Shallow breathing or breathing through pursed lips Coughing or wheezing Nasal congestion or discharge Sore throat, difficulty swallowing or swollen tonsils I need to sit after mild exertion Pale, bluish or gray color of the lips, arms and/or legs Pain in the chest area Discolored sputum (green, yellow, blood-tinged, or gray)

Answer 51

And incurable disease which causes trouble with breathing, especially in getting air out of the lungs. The two groups of COPD include chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 52

Chronic cough or wheeze Trouble breathing, especially with inhaling and exhaling deeply Shortness of breath, especially during physical effort Pale, blue or reddish- purple skin Confusion General State of weakness Trouble completing meals due to shortness of breath Fear and anxiety

Answer 53

Colds or viruses can make COPD worse. Always observe and report signs and symptoms of colds or illness Help residents sit upright or lean forward. Offer pillows for support Offer plenty of fluids and small, frequent meals Keep an oxygen supply available as ordered Be calm and supportive if a resident is unable to breathe or fearing suffocation Use infection prevention practices Encourage purse lip breathing which is inhaling slowly through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips Encourage residents to rest and save energy for important tasks Report: A temperature over 101 Fahrenheit Changes in breathing patterns, including shortness of breath Changes in color or consistency of lung secretions Changes in mental state or Refusal to take medications is ordered Excessive weight loss Increasing dependence upon caregivers and family

Answer 54

The kidneys ability to filter blood decreases Bladder muscle tone weakens The bladder holds less urine, which causes more frequent urination The bladder may not empty completely, causing a greater risk of infection

Answer 55

Encourage fluids and offer frequent trips to the bathroom Wipe from front to back after elimination Do not show frustration or anger at urinary incontinence (inability to control the bladder) Keep residents clean and dry

Answer 56

Weight loss or gain Swelling in upper or lower extremities Pain or burning during urination Changes in urine, such as cloudiness, odor or color Changes in frequency and amount of urination Swelling in the abdominal/bladder area Complaints that bladder feels full or painful Urinary incontinence / dribbling Pain in the kidney or back/flank region Inadequate fluid intake Confusion

Answer 57

Incontinence is not a normal part of aging Offer a bedpan, urinal, commode or trip to the bathroom often Incontinence is a major risk factor for pressure injuries. Document all episodes of incontinence Keep residents clean, dry and free from urine. Observe the skin carefully when bathing and giving perineal care Change wet or soiled clothing/bedding/briefs immediately. Encourage plenty of fluids Be reassuring and understanding

Answer 58

A bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney resulting in painful burning during urination and causing a frequent feeling of needing to urinate UTIs are more common in women due to a shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus

Answer 59

Encourage residents to wipe from front to back after elimination Get peroneal care when changing incontinence briefs Encourage plenty of fluids. Water, cranberry, orange and blueberry juice Offer trips to the toilet at least every 2 hours Showers rather than baths help prevent UTIs Report cloudy, dark or foul smelling urine, or if a resident urinates often in small amounts Report if the resident has a fever. Report new or worsening confusion

Answer 60

The process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells

Answer 61

The transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells

Answer 62

The process of expelling waste that are not absorbed into the cells

Answer 63

Decrease saliva production affects the ability to chew and swallow Dulled sense of taste may result in poor appetite Absorption of vitamins and minerals decreases The process of digestion takes longer and is less efficient Body waste moves slowly through the intestines, causing more frequent constipation

Answer 64

Encourage fluids Allow time to eat and make meal time enjoyable Regular Oral Care should be provided Dentures must fit properly and be cleansed regularly Give residents an opportunity to have a bowel movement around the same time each day

Answer 65

Observe and report: Difficulty swallowing or chewing, including denture problems, tooth pain or mouth sores Fecal incontinence (inability to control the bowels) Weight gain / loss Loss of appetite Abdominal pain and cramping Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting (especially vomitous that looks like coffee grounds) Constipation Flatulence Hiccups or belching Bloody, black or hard stools Heartburn

Answer 66

The inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent, difficult and often painful elimination of hard dry stool This occurs when the feces move too slowly through the intestine and can result from decreased fluid intake, poor diet, inactivity, medications, aging, disease or ignoring the urge to eliminate

Answer 67

Abdominal swelling Gas Irritability A record of no recent bowel movement

Answer 68

Increasing fiber and fluid intake Increasing activity Medications Enema or rectal suppository

Answer 69

Water with or without an additive that is introduced into the colon to eliminate stool

Answer 70

Hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled resulting from unrelieved constipation Symptoms include: no stool for several days Oozing of liquid stool Cramping Abdominal swelling Rectal pain

Answer 71

Enlarged veins in the rectum

Answer 72

Rectal itching Burning pain Leaving during elimination

Answer 73

Increase fiber and fluid intake Medications Compresses Sitz baths

Answer 74

The frequent elimination of liquid or semi liquid feces. Abdominal cramps, urgency, nausea and vomiting can accompany diarrhea depending on the cause

Answer 75

Chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus inflamming and damaging the lining of the esophagus. It can cause bleeding or ulcers. Scars from tissue damage can narrow the esophagus and make swallowing difficult Heartburn is the most common symptom

Answer 76

Serving the evening meal 3 to 4 hours before bedtime The resident should not lie down until at least 2 to 3 hours after eating. Extra pillows should be used to keep the body more upright during sleep Serve the largest meal of the day at lunch time Reduce fatty and spicy foods Cessation of smoking and abstinence from alcohol Wearing loose fitting clothing

Answer 77

Surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside. A portion of the intestine is brought out of the body through an artificial opening in the abdomen call the stoma. Steeler feces are eliminated through the ostomy rather than through the anus Disposable pouching system fits over the stoma to collect the feces and is attached to the skin by adhesive. About may also be used to secure it Clean or replace the ostomy pouch whenever stool is eliminated

Answer 78

Large intestine is brought out to the stoma

Answer 79

Small intestine is brought out to the stoma

Answer 80

Disposable bed protector Bath blanket Clean ostomy pouch Belt (if needed) Disposable wipes (made for ostomy care) Basin of warm water Washcloth Two towels Plastic disposable bag Gloves

Answer 81

Identify myself and identify the resident by name Wash my hands Explain the procedure to the resident Provide for the residence privacy Adjust bed to a safe level / lock the bed Wheels Put on gloves Place bed protector under the resident. Cover the resident with a bath blanket. Pull down the top sheets and blankets. Expose only the ostomy site. Offer the resident a towel to keep clothing dry Undo the ostomy belt if used. Remove the ostomy pouch carefully. Place it in the plastic bag. Not the color, odor, consistency and amount of stool in the pouch What the area around the stoma with disposable wipes used for ostomy care. Discard the wipes in the plastic bag Using a washcloth in warm water, wash the area and One direction away from the stoma. Rinse. Pat dry with another towel Place the clean ostomy drainage pouch on the resident holding place in seal securely. Make sure the bottom of the purse is clamped Remove the bed protector and discard. Place soiled linens in the proper container. Discard the plastic bag properly Remove and discard gloves Wash my hands Return the bed to it's lowest position Remove privacy measures Place call light within residence reach Report any changes in resident to the nurse noting any changes in stoma and surrounding area. A normal stoma is red and moist and looks like the lining up of the mouth. Call the nurse at the stone is very red or blue or swelling or bleeding is present. Report any signs of skin breakdown around the stoma Document the procedure

Answer 82

Made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones which control numerous body functions

Answer 83

Maintain homeostasis through hormones secretion Influence growth and development Maintain blood sugar levels Regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the body Regulate the body's ability to reproduce Determine how fast cells burn food for energy

Answer 84

Levels of hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone decrease Insulin production lessons The body is less able to handle stress

Answer 85

Report: Headaches Weakness Blurred vision Dizziness Irritability Sweating/excessive perspiration Change in "normal behavior" Confusion Change in mobility Change in sensation Numbness or tingling in arms or legs Weight gain / loss Loss/increase of appetite Increased thirst Frequent urination or any change in urine output Hunger Dry skin Skin breakdown Sweet or fruity breath Sluggishness or fatigue Hyperactivity

Answer 86

Occurs when the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. The pancreas does not produce any insulin. The condition will continue throughout a person's life. It is managed with daily injections of insulin or an insulin pump and a special diet. Regularly blood glucose testing must be done Type 2 diabetes is more common. Either the body does not produce enough insulin or the body fails to properly use insulin. This is known as insulin resistance. Type 2 develops slowly and is a milder form of diabetes. The risk of getting this increases with age. I can usually be controlled with diet

Answer 87

A hormone that works to remove glucose, or natural sugar from the blood Without insulin to process glucose, sugars collect in the blood and cannot get to cells causing problems with circulation and damage to vital organs

Answer 88

Occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2

Answer 89

occurs in Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar levels during pregnancy

Answer 90

Excessive thirst / hunger Frequent urination Weight loss High blood sugar levels Glucose (sugar) in the urine Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness and hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the time Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infections than usual

Answer 91

Changes in the circulatory system that can cause heart attack and stroke Reduced circulation Poor wound healing Kidney and nerve damage Vision loss/blindness Leg and foot ulcers Gangrene Insulin reaction and diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 92

Follow diet instructions exactly Meals must be eaten at the same time daily. The resident must eat all that is served. Tell the nurse if the client is not following the diet Encourage fun physical activity and passive range of motion exercises. Know when the residents take insulin and when their meals should be served Perform blood glucose tests as directed Inspect the feet daily for irritation or sores and give foot Care as directed Encourage clients to wear comfortable, supportive, well-fitting shoes. Socks should not be too tight

Answer 93

Sperm production decreases The prostate gland enlarges, which can interfere with urination Menstruation ends. Menopause is the end of menstruation and it occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months A decrease in estrogen may lead to a loss of calcium producing brittle bones and potentially osteoporosis Vaginal walls become dryer and thinner

Answer 94

Provide privacy when necessary for sexual activity Any any behavior that seems inappropriate is not a normal sign of aging and could possibly be a sign of illness. Make sure to report it

Answer 95

Discomfort or difficulty with urination Discharge from the penis or vagina Swelling of the genitals Blood in urine or stool Breast changes, including size, shape, lumps or discharge from the nipples Genital sores / rashes Genital itching Client reports of erectile dysfunction Resident reports painful intercourse

Answer 96

Inflammation of the vagina possibly caused by a bacteria or fungus. It may also be caused by hormonal changes after menopause.

Answer 97

White vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning

Answer 98

A disorder that is common in men over the age of 60. The prostate becomes enlarged and causes pressure on the urethra leading to frequent urination, dribbling of urine and difficulty in starting the flow of urine. It may cause urinary tract infections.

Answer 99

Removes excess fluids and waste products from the body's tissues. It also helps the immune system fight infection

Answer 100

The immune system weakens, increasing the risk of all types of infections It may take longer for a person to recover from an illness The number and size of lymph nodes decrease resulting in the body being less able to contract a fever to fight infection Response to vaccine decreases

Answer 101

Not enough sleep Poor nutrition Chronic illness Stress

Answer 102

Wash hands Keep resident's environment clean Assist with personal hygiene Monitor temperature (a slight increase May indicate that the resident is fighting an infection)

Answer 103

Recurring infections (such as pneumonia, fevers and diarrhea) Swelling of the lymph nodes Increased fatigue

Answer 104

Human immunodeficiency virus A sexually transmitted disease spread through the blood and from infected needles The first stage shows symptoms like the flu. As the infection worsens the immune system overreacts. It attacks not only the virus, but also normal tissue In the later stages infections, tumors and central nervous system symptoms may appear. HIV becomes AIDS when the persons CD4+ lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) count falls to 200 or below

Answer 105

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Caused by acquiring the HIV virus through blood or body fluids from an infected person. It is the final stage of HIV infection in which infections, tumors and symptoms appear due to a weakened immune system that is unable to fight infection. Damage to the central nervous system may cause memory loss, poor coordination, paralysis and confusion. These symptoms together are known as AIDS dementia complex

Answer 106

Flu-like symptoms including fever cough weakness and severe or constant fatigue Loss of appetite/weight Night sweats Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms or groin Severe diarrhea Dry cough Skin rashes Painful white spots in the mouth or on the tongue Cold sores / fever blisters Cauliflower like warts on the skin and in the mouth Inflamed and bleeding gums Bruising that does not go away Low resistance to infection particularly pneumonia Kaposi sarcoma colon a form of skin cancer that appears as purple, red or brown skin lesions Pneumocystis jiroveci: a pneumatic lung infection AIDS dementia complex

Answer 107

Follow standard precautions. In addition, final transmission based precautions if they are ordered Be extra meticulous about hand washing and keeping the environment sterile Encourage the client to relax before a meal and to eat in a pleasant setting. Familiar and favorite food should be served. Report appetite loss or trouble eating to the nurse Careful mouth care is vital for those with infections. Warm rinses may help painful mouth sores Encourage fluid intake during and between meals. For those with nausea or vomiting encourage slowly eating frequent, small meals Diarrhea rapidly depletes the body of fluids. Replace last rehydrate with water, juice, caffeine-free soda, and broth Foot issues can occur. Supply the client with soft loose slippers. Employ bed cradles Give emotional support Muscle weakness and loss of muscle control make falls a risk. Create a safe environment and supervise closely in their ADLs

Answer 108

A general term to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way

Answer 109

Unexplained weight loss Fever fatigue pain skin changes, such as a change in skin color change in bowel or bladder function sores that do not heal unusual bleeding or discharge thickening or lump in the breast, testicle or other part of the body indigestion or difficulty swallowing new mole or recent change in appearance of a mole, wart, or spot nagging cough or hoarseness

Answer 110

Clients may want to talk or may avoid talking. Respect each client's needs. Never say "everything will be okay" Clients with cancer frequently have poor appetites. Encourage a variety of food and small portions. Use plastic utensils for cancer clients receiving chemotherapy. Metal causes a bitter taste Watch for signs of pain and report to the nurse if the pain seems to be uncontrolled. Give back rubs for comfort and to increase circulation Do not apply lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy. Do not remove markings that are used in radiation therapy Do not use commercial mouthwash. Rinse with baking soda and water, or use a prescribed rinse Get to know your clients interests and pursue topics other than cancer Be aware of community resources Report any of these signs or symptoms to the nurse: increased weakness or fatigue Weight loss Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea Changes in appetite Fainting Signs of depression Confusion Blood and stool are urine Change in mental status Changes in skin New lumps, sores or rashes Increase in pain, or unrelieved pain Blood in the mouth