Chapter 4

Question 1

The monomer unit of DNA and RNA is the

Answer 1

Nucleotide which contains: nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 2

DNA and RNA are polymers called

Answer 2

Polynucleotides

Question 3

How is a sugar-phosphate backbone formed?

Answer 3

Covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide

Question 4

What is the structural difference between a DNA nucleotide and RNA nucleotide

Answer 4

RNA has a OH on carbon-2. DNA only has H to prevent bonding and create double helix shape

Question 5

Pyrimidines

Answer 5

Thymine and cytosine

Question 6

Purines

Answer 6

Adenine and guanine

Question 7

Which bases create a less stable bond

Answer 7

Adenine and thymine because they have 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 8

What kind of model does DNA replication follow

Answer 8

Semiconservative

Question 9

Where does DNA replication begin?

Answer 9

Origins of replication

Question 10

In which direction does continuous DNA replication occur

Answer 10

5’ →3’

Question 11

In which direction does non-continuous DNA replication occur

Answer 11

3’ → 5’

Question 12

How can the information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form, and how is it accurately copied?

Answer 12

Replication

Question 13

What contains the instructions for producing proteins?

Answer 13

Genes

- the sequence of nucleotides spell out the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 14

What is gene expression?

Answer 14

A cell converts the nucleotide sequence of a gene first into the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule, and then into the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 15

What is the most important function of DNA

Answer 15

To carry genes

Question 16

Packaging DNA by specialized proteins that bind to and fold the DNA generates

Answer 16

Coils and loops

Question 17

What makes DNA negatively charged

Answer 17

Phosphate group

Question 18

DNA being compacted keeps it available to

Answer 18

The many enzymes that replicate it, repair it, and use its genes to produce RNA and proteins

Question 19

The human genome has how many nucleotides?

Answer 19

3.2 x 10^9

Question 20

The complex of DNA and protein is called

Answer 20

Chromatin

Question 21

What are basic dyes?

Answer 21

Stain the nucleic acids and proteins in the cell nucleus

- catatonic (+ charge)

Question 22

Condensed form of chromatin

Answer 22

Chromosome

Question 23

Maternal and paternal chromosomes are called

Answer 23

Homologous chromosomes

Question 24

How to distinguish one chromosome from another

Answer 24

Stain with dyes

Question 25

The display of the 46 human chromosomes at mitosis is called

Answer 25

The human karyotype

Question 26

A karyotype shows

Answer 26

Stained and magnified versions of chromosomes

Question 27

How are karyotypes produced

Answer 27

Dividing white blood cells, stopped at metaphase

Question 28

Karyotypes allow observation of

Answer 28

Homologous chromosome pairs, chromosome number, chromosome structure

Question 29

What is the most common human chromosome abnormality (inheritance of 3 copies of chromosome 21) and what does it cause

Answer 29

Trisomy 21 causing down syndrome

Question 30

If parts of chromosomes are lost or are switched between chromosomes, how can that be detected?

Answer 30

By changes in the banding patterns or by changes in the pattern of chromosome painting

Question 31

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein

Answer 31

Gene

Question 32

A large excess of interspersed DNA that does not seem to carry critical information

Answer 32

Junk DNA

Question 33

Why can genome sizes vary

Answer 33

Differences in the amount of DNA interspersed between genes

Question 34

All DNA combined is called

Answer 34

A genome

Question 35

Most of the remaining DNA in a gene consists of

Answer 35

Long stretches of noncoding DNA that interrupt the relatively short segments of DNA that code for protein

Question 36

Coding sequences

Answer 36

Exons

Question 37

Noncoding sequences

Answer 37

Introns

Question 38

Responsible for ensuring that the gene is turned on or off at the proper time

Answer 38

Regulatory DNA sequences

Question 39

Sequences with functionally important exons and regulatory DNA sequences

Answer 39

Conserved regions

Question 40

DNA whose sequence is unlikely to be critical for function

Answer 40

Nonconserved regions

Question 41

Some of the conserved noncoding sequences

Answer 41

Correspond to clusters of protein-binding sites that are involved in gene regulation while others produce RNA molecules that are not translated into protein

Question 42

What technique was used to reconstruct evolutionary history of human chromosomes?

Answer 42

Chromosome painting

Question 43

Process of DNA replication and replicated copies being separated into daughter cells

Answer 43

Cell cycle

Question 44

Phase where chromosomes are replicated

Answer 44

Interphase

Question 45

Phase where chromosomes are highly condensed and then separated and distributed to two daughter nuclei

Answer 45

Mitosis

Question 46

Highly condensed chromosomes in a dividing cell

Answer 46

Mitotic chromosomes

Question 47

Answer 47

Interphase

Question 48

Answer 48

Prophase

Question 49

Answer 49

Prometaphase

Question 50

Answer 50

Metaphase

Question 51

Answer 51

Anaphase

Question 52

Answer 52

Telophase and cytokinesis

Question 53

Each DNA molecule that forms a linear chromosome must contain

Answer 53

A centromere, two telomeres, and replication origin

Question 54

Repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of a chromosome

Answer 54

Telomere

Question 55

Protects the end of the chromosome from being mistaken by the ceu for a broken DNA molecule in need of repair

Answer 55

Telomeres

Question 56

Chromosomes undergoing multiple levels of folding and coiling

Answer 56

DNA packing

Question 57

Formed when DNA is wrapped around histone proteins

Answer 57

Nucleosomes

Question 58

Each DNA bead includes how many histone molecules

Answer 58

8

Question 59

DNA packing can prevent

Answer 59

Transcription

Question 60

Enzyme that breaks down DNA by cutting between the nucleosomes

Answer 60

Nucleases

Question 61

DNA between the nucleosome

Answer 61

Linker DNA

Question 62

4 individual histone proteins in a nucleosome

Answer 62

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 63

Forms a protein core around which the double-stranded DNA is wound

Answer 63

Histone octamer

Question 64

Each nucleosome core particle is separated from the next by

Answer 64

Linker DNA