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BIO 220 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The monomer unit of DNA and RNA is the

A

Nucleotide which contains: nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

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2
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers called

A

Polynucleotides

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3
Q

How is a sugar-phosphate backbone formed?

A

Covalent bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide

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4
Q

What is the structural difference between a DNA nucleotide and RNA nucleotide

A

RNA has a OH on carbon-2. DNA only has H to prevent bonding and create double helix shape

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5
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cytosine

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6
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Which bases create a less stable bond

A

Adenine and thymine because they have 2 hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

What kind of model does DNA replication follow

A

Semiconservative

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9
Q

Where does DNA replication begin?

A

Origins of replication

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10
Q

In which direction does continuous DNA replication occur

A

5’ →3’

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11
Q

In which direction does non-continuous DNA replication occur

A

3’ → 5’

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12
Q

How can the information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form, and how is it accurately copied?

A

Replication

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13
Q

What contains the instructions for producing proteins?

A

Genes

- the sequence of nucleotides spell out the sequence of amino acids in a protein

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14
Q

What is gene expression?

A

A cell converts the nucleotide sequence of a gene first into the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule, and then into the amino acid sequence of a protein

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15
Q

What is the most important function of DNA

A

To carry genes

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16
Q

Packaging DNA by specialized proteins that bind to and fold the DNA generates

A

Coils and loops

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17
Q

What makes DNA negatively charged

A

Phosphate group

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18
Q

DNA being compacted keeps it available to

A

The many enzymes that replicate it, repair it, and use its genes to produce RNA and proteins

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19
Q

The human genome has how many nucleotides?

A

3.2 x 10^9

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20
Q

The complex of DNA and protein is called

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

What are basic dyes?

A

Stain the nucleic acids and proteins in the cell nucleus

- catatonic (+ charge)

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22
Q

Condensed form of chromatin

A

Chromosome

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23
Q

Maternal and paternal chromosomes are called

A

Homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

How to distinguish one chromosome from another

A

Stain with dyes

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25
Q

The display of the 46 human chromosomes at mitosis is called

A

The human karyotype

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26
Q

A karyotype shows

A

Stained and magnified versions of chromosomes

27
Q

How are karyotypes produced

A

Dividing white blood cells, stopped at metaphase

28
Q

Karyotypes allow observation of

A

Homologous chromosome pairs, chromosome number, chromosome structure

29
Q

What is the most common human chromosome abnormality (inheritance of 3 copies of chromosome 21) and what does it cause

A

Trisomy 21 causing down syndrome

30
Q

If parts of chromosomes are lost or are switched between chromosomes, how can that be detected?

A

By changes in the banding patterns or by changes in the pattern of chromosome painting

31
Q

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein

A

Gene

32
Q

A large excess of interspersed DNA that does not seem to carry critical information

A

Junk DNA

33
Q

Why can genome sizes vary

A

Differences in the amount of DNA interspersed between genes

34
Q

All DNA combined is called

A

A genome

35
Q

Most of the remaining DNA in a gene consists of

A

Long stretches of noncoding DNA that interrupt the relatively short segments of DNA that code for protein

36
Q

Coding sequences

A

Exons

37
Q

Noncoding sequences

A

Introns

38
Q

Responsible for ensuring that the gene is turned on or off at the proper time

A

Regulatory DNA sequences

39
Q

Sequences with functionally important exons and regulatory DNA sequences

A

Conserved regions

40
Q

DNA whose sequence is unlikely to be critical for function

A

Nonconserved regions

41
Q

Some of the conserved noncoding sequences

A

Correspond to clusters of protein-binding sites that are involved in gene regulation while others produce RNA molecules that are not translated into protein

42
Q

What technique was used to reconstruct evolutionary history of human chromosomes?

A

Chromosome painting

43
Q

Process of DNA replication and replicated copies being separated into daughter cells

A

Cell cycle

44
Q

Phase where chromosomes are replicated

A

Interphase

45
Q

Phase where chromosomes are highly condensed and then separated and distributed to two daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

46
Q

Highly condensed chromosomes in a dividing cell

A

Mitotic chromosomes

47
Q
A

Interphase

48
Q
A

Prophase

49
Q
A

Prometaphase

50
Q
A

Metaphase

51
Q
A

Anaphase

52
Q
A

Telophase and cytokinesis

53
Q

Each DNA molecule that forms a linear chromosome must contain

A

A centromere, two telomeres, and replication origin

54
Q

Repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of a chromosome

A

Telomere

55
Q

Protects the end of the chromosome from being mistaken by the ceu for a broken DNA molecule in need of repair

A

Telomeres

56
Q

Chromosomes undergoing multiple levels of folding and coiling

A

DNA packing

57
Q

Formed when DNA is wrapped around histone proteins

A

Nucleosomes

58
Q

Each DNA bead includes how many histone molecules

A

8

59
Q

DNA packing can prevent

A

Transcription

60
Q

Enzyme that breaks down DNA by cutting between the nucleosomes

A

Nucleases

61
Q

DNA between the nucleosome

A

Linker DNA

62
Q

4 individual histone proteins in a nucleosome

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

63
Q

Forms a protein core around which the double-stranded DNA is wound

A

Histone octamer

64
Q

Each nucleosome core particle is separated from the next by

A

Linker DNA

BIO 220 (5 decks)

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