Chapter 4 Flashcards
1) Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) affect.
B) behavior tendency.
C) cognition.
D) aptitude.
D
2) According to Eagly and Chaiken (2005), beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event are known as:
A) cognitions.
B) aptitudes.
C) attitudes.
D) perceptions.
C
3) Explicit self-reports are the better predictor than implicit self-reports for:
A) attitudes related to gender and sex.
B) racial attitudes.
C) attitudes formed early in life.
D) attitudes related to consumer behavior.
D
4) In 1964, Leon Festinger observed that:
A) changing people’s attitudes often hardly affects their behavior.
B) attitudes guide behaviors.
C) people’s behaviors are a result of their changing attitudes.
D) attitudes and behaviors varied together.
A
5) In the context of the dual processing capacity of human beings, unlike automatic thinking, controlled thinking is:
A) deliberate.
B) habitual.
C) effortless.
D) implicit.
A
6) The disjuncture between attitudes and actions is what Daniel Batson and his colleagues call _____, appearing moral while avoiding the costs of being so.
It’s what Daniel Batson and his coworkers call “being moral while avoiding the costs of being so,” or acting moral while avoiding the costs.
People who study morality call this “being moral while not having to pay for it.”
A) moral conflict
B) moral cowardice
C) moral hypocrisy
D) moral realism
C
7) When social psychologists try to measure people’s attitudes, they:
A) get a direct reading of their behaviors.
B) easily obtain attitudinal changes by controlling all external social influences.
C) predominantly avoid recording and evaluating implicit and explicit attitudes.
D) end up measuring expressed attitudes.
D
8) People’s attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week.
A) strong
B) average
C) poor
D) reliable
C
9) The implicit association test (IAT):
A) measures conscious attitudes.
B) measures unconscious attitudes.
C) measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes.
D) measures our controlled behaviors.
B
10) Moral action affects moral thinking, especially when:
A) one is threatened.
B) one is offered limited options.
C) chosen.
D) coerced.
C
11) The finding that religious attitudes predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time across many situations defines:
A) moral hypocrisy.
B) the false consensus effect.
C) the ABCs of attitudes.
D) the principle of aggregation.
D
12) In the context of dual processing, automatic thinking is _____.
A) controlled
B) conscious
C) deliberate
D) implicit
D
13) Although you may spend an evening surfing the Internet rather than studying, you have generally been a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological term?
A) moral hypocrisy
B) behavioral inconsistency
C) the ABCs of attitudes
D) the principle of aggregation
D
14) Which of the following requirements should be fulfilled for an attitude to lead to a behavior?
A) Multiple behaviors, rather than a specific one, must be chosen.
B) Liking must not become wanting.
C) The chosen goal must not overwhelm other demands.
D) An objective must be set.
D
15) Which statement is NOT true about attitudes?
A) Attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience.
B) Attitudes best predict behavior when they are accessible, enduring, and likely to guide actions.
C) Attitudes best predict behavior when they are specific to the behaviors of subjects.
D) Attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest.
D
16) The attitudes that best predict behavior are:
A) particularly formed by hearsay.
B) less enduring to guide actions than other attitudes.
C) generic rather than specific.
D) readily accessible and stable.
D
17) Diener and Wallbom (1976) found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71% continued working when left alone. How many continued working after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?
A) 70%
B) 43%
C) 31%
D) 7%
D
18) A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a:
A) benchmark.
B) guideline.
C) role.
D) stereotype.
C
19) The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo’s (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.
A) attitudes; behaviors
B) roles; attitudes
C) roles; behaviors
D) attitudes; roles
C
20) Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to, it supported the fact that:
A) saying becomes believing.
B) saying does not change our beliefs or feelings.
C) saying changes the minds of others.
D) saying does not change the minds of others.
A
21) In the context of ways in which one’s behaviors affect one’s attitudes, Manis et al. (1974), Tesser et al. (1972), and Tetlock (1983) stated that:
A) people adjust their message toward their listener’s views.
B) people are quicker to share bad news rather than good.
C) people believe what they say when there is no compelling external explanation for their words.
D) people doubt or are skeptical of what they say unless they are bribed or coerced into doing so.
A
22) In the context of thought-control programs and POWs (prisoners of war), prisoners were _____ to comply with a significant request if they complied with a trivial request first.
A) less likely
B) more likely
C) not interested
D) unlikely
B
23) Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools jumped and now includes nearly everyone. This is an example of how:
A) attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B) attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C) moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D) moral actions feed moral attitudes.
D
24) Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to:
A) feel increasingly guilty.
B) disparage the victim to justify one’s cruel behavior [badmouth the victim in order to justify one’s own cruel behavior.]
C) act kindly toward others.
D) become highly aggressive toward others.
B
25) In the context of evil and moral acts, research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should:
A) let them do favors for you.
B) ignore their negative traits.
C) act as if you do.
D) focus on their positive traits.
C
26) If the number of people in favor of same-sex marriages increases after a law is passed allowing such marriages, this will be an example of how:
A) attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B) attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C) moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D) moral actions feed moral attitudes.
D
27) The daily flag salute by schoolchildren in the United States is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.
A) compliance; attitudes
B) public beliefs; private conformity
C) public conformity; private patriotism
D) conformity; compliance
C
28) Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology?
A) Alex prefers the company of physically attractive people.
B) Emily, an employee in a software company, dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier.
C) Caleb tends to ignore those situations that are not under his control.
D) Kayla, a student, is convinced that she will fail her exam but is surprised when she performs exceptionally well.
B
29) Research revealed that the POWs (prisoners of war) of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of:
A) torture and punishment.
B) gradually escalating demands.
C) attitude adjustment.
D) confidence building.
B
30) Which of the following theories assumes that people, especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions, will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions?
A) self-presentation theory
B) activity theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) attachment theory
A
31) During a group discussion on smoking, Ethan says that one should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health and it symbolizes weakness. Later, Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates lest his views on smoking contradict his words. He also wishes to appear consistent. Which of the following theories of psychology best explains Ethan’s behavior?
Ethan says that people should not smoke because it is bad for their health and it shows that they are weak. Soon after that, Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates because he doesn’t want his views on smoking to be in conflict with his words. He also wants to look the same. It’s hard to figure out which of these theories of psychology best fits Ethan’s behavior.
A) social penetration theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) self-presentation theory
D) motivation crowding theory
C
32) The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one’s views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____.
A) selective exposure
B) defensive pessimism
C) impact bias
D) hindsight bias
A
33) Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____.
A) overjustification; insufficient justification
B) the false consensus effect; the false uniqueness effect
C) self-monitoring; self-presentation
D) self-presentation; self-justification
D
34) No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _____ theory.
A) self-perception
B) self-justification
C) self-presentation
D) social orientation
C
35) Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent?
A) self-presentation theory
B) self-consistency theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) self-perception theory
A
36) Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort we justify our actions to ourselves?
A) self-presentation theory
B) self-consistency theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) terror management theory
C
37) The tension that arises when a person’s two thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent is called:
A) cognitive tension.
B) cognitive inconsistency.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) cognitive interference.
C
38) Identify a true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.
A) It assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.
B) It highlights the arousal of tension when two different thoughts coexist.
C) It focuses on doing acts as per one’s discretion without providing any justification for such acts.
D) It is most commonly referred to as the planning fallacy.
B
39) The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when:
A) people are rewarded for their behavior.
B) people feel that they have no choice in their behavior.
C) people feel that they have some choice in their behavior.
D) people’s actions have no foreseeable consequences.
C
40) At the beginning of the 2003 Iraq war, only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction. When no such weapons were found after the war, 58% of Americans supported the war. Myers explains this revision of people’s memories of their government’s main rationale for going to war as an example of:
Only 38% of Americans were in favor of the 2003 Iraq war even though Iraq didn’t have weapons of mass destruction at the time. 58% of Americans backed the war even though no weapons were found. In Myers’s view, when people change their memories of the main reason their government went to war, it shows that people don’t trust their government anymore. This is an example of
A) self-presentation.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) terror management theory.
D) self-perception.
B
41) Cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by:
A) James Laird.
B) William James.
C) Leon Festinger.
D) Daryl Bem.
C
42) Although you were opposed to the American war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to present a report on the justification of the war as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?
A) self-presentation theory
B) self-consistency theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) self-perception theory
C
43) Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal. However, after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store, her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?
A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) self-perception theory
C) reinforcement theory
D) role-playing theory
A
44) In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, one can reduce dissonance after making important decisions by _____.
A) criticizing all the available choices or options
B) downgrading the unchosen option
C) overlooking the chosen alternative
D) studying the attributes of the unchosen options
B
45) Dissonance theory insists that _____.
A) people voluntarily internalize forced behavior contrary to popular belief
B) encouragement and inducement should be enough to elicit a desired action
C) attitudes should precede behaviors for which we feel some responsibility
D) parents should refrain from using incentives to elicit a desired behavior
B
46) Though Lisa is opposed to capital punishment, she is asked to give a speech in favor of it to conclude a class debate. In the context of insufficient justification, dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she:
A) makes a speech implying capital punishment is wrong.
B) agrees to give the speech but only if she favors both sides.
C) agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
D) agrees to give the speech for a large reward.
C
47) Once we make a decision or choice, and feel some cognitive dissonance, we _____.
A) give additional reasons for that decision or choice
B) begin to doubt our reasons for making that decision or choice
C) become less confident about the decision or choice
D) find the option we did not choose highly attractive
A
48) If you are studying because you want to do well in your chosen course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future than students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how:
A) attitudes follow behaviors.
B) behaviors follow attitudes.
C) attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
D) behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.
C
