Chapter 3 Flashcards
1) Activating particular associations in memory is called:
A) triggering. B) initiation. C) galvanization. D) priming.
D
2) Andrea’s mother invites Andrea and her boyfriend for dinner. She tells Andrea that she will make sushi. Hearing this, Andrea remembers a previous instance when her boyfriend had an allergic reaction to seafood. This scenario exemplifies:
A) belief perseverance. B) reconstruction. C) priming. D) induction.
C
3) Zachary watches a horror movie alone. Later that night, he wakes up hearing a strange noise and notices an ominous shadow moving outside his window. Fearing that someone is trying to break into his house, he turns on the light. When he looks out through the window, he finds leaves rustling and the shadow of a plant. Which of the following best explains the initial reaction of Zachary?
A) Centration B) Priming C) The confirmation bias D) The misinformation effect
B
4) Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman notes that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, identify a characteristic of System 1.
A) It requires conscious effort. B) It requires conscious attention. C) It functions automatically. D) It influences actions insignificantly.
C
5) In the context of psychology, the mutual influence of bodily sensations on intellective preferences and social judgments is known as:
A) congruence. B) embodied cognition. C) confabulation. D) belief perseverance.
B
6) Jack works as a software engineer in a multinational company. He finds that the company is training employees to develop their leadership skills. Jack, who values self-development, considers this a good opportunity to improve his skills. In the context of perceiving and interpreting events, which of the following statements is true?
A) Jack's beliefs do not influence how he sees new information. B) Jack's beliefs influence how he sees new information. C) Jack's beliefs are unrelated to how he sees new information. D) Jack's beliefs change with new information.
B
7) Sometimes the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as:
A) rationalization. B) cognitive dissonance. C) attitude consistency. D) belief perseverance.
D
8) A researcher tells the participants of his study that risk-prone people make better firefighters than cautious people by showing some anecdotal evidence. Then, he asks the participants to explain why risk-prone people make better firefighters. Finally, he establishes that cautious people are better firefighters with the help of scientific evidence and informs the participants that the anecdote was made up for the study. In the context of belief perseverance, the participants of this study are most likely to:
A) change their original view and acknowledge that cautious people make better firefighters. B) believe that both risk-prone and cautious people are likely to be equally good as firefighters. C) be confused whether risk-prone or cautious people make better firefighters. D) continue to believe that risk-prone people make better fighters.
D
9) You tend to assume a person is still a good friend even after the person acts otherwise. This tendency is known as:
A) belief perseverance. B) belief continuity. C) the correspondence bias. D) the belief disconfirmation bias.
A
10) Despite reading numerous research studies that associate fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues eating fast food and considers it harmless. Rachel’s thinking is an example of:
A) belief assimilation. B) belief consolidation. C) belief perseverance. D) the operation of the availability heuristic.
C
11) The persistence of one’s initial conceptions is called:
A) the hindsight bias. B) cognitive dissonance. C) belief perseverance. D) counterfactual thinking.
C
12) While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man ignoring the red signal and causing an accident. Then, the man who caused the accident gets out of his car to talk to you. He tells you that the signal was yellow when he tried crossing the street. Later, you tell the police that you remember the signal being yellow, not red, when the man tried crossing the intersection. This scenario illustrates:
A) the priming effect. B) the confirmation bias. C) belief perseverance. D) the misinformation effect.
D
13) Incorporating inaccurate information into one’s memory of an event after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it is called the:
A) priming effect. B) confirmation bias. C) information processing fallacy. D) misinformation effect.
D
14) In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, researchers asked students to answer a long survey that included a question about student control over the university curriculum. A week later, they agreed to write an essay opposing student control. After doing so, their attitudes shifted toward greater opposition to student control. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students:
A) remembered having held a very different attitude. B) could not remember how they had felt. C) remembered having felt the same as they do now. D) admitted they had always supported student control of the university curriculum but pretended to oppose it in their essays.
C
15) Ryan, an employee in an IT firm, recalls going on a fishing trip to a lake with his family as a child. It was a hot and humid day, and he had a minor accident. However, Ryan has forgotten the unpleasant memories of the day and fondly remembers the positive experiences, such as the lake, the fun they had, and the first fish they caught. In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?
A) anthropocentric thinking B) the backfire effect C) the correspondence bias D) rosy retrospection
D
16) Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called:
A) controlled processing. B) automatic processing. C) internal processing. D) intentional processing.
B
17) Jumping out of your seat when you see an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?
A) controlled processing B) automatic processing C) internal processing D) intentional processing
B
18) Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called:
A) controlled processing. B) automatic processing. C) external processing. D) intentional processing.
A
19) Mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations are called:
A) schemas. B) hypotheses. C) ethics. D) theories.
A
20) Your best friend is a master chess player and has won numerous awards. When playing chess with her, you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your moves. Her awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?
A) controlled processing B) automatic processing C) internal processing D) intentional processing
B
21) You immediately recognize your friend’s voice over the phone. This is an example of:
A) controlled processing. B) illusory correlation. C) automatic processing. D) an attribution error.
C
22) The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is called the:
A) perseverance bias. B) fundamental attribution error. C) correspondence bias. D) overconfidence phenomenon.
D
23) Your brother appears to be self-assured when talking to others. You realize that your brother is more often confident about things rather than accurate about them. Your brother’s behavior can be explained by the:
A) perseverance bias. B) fundamental attribution error. C) correspondence bias. D) overconfidence phenomenon.
D
24) Evan has a job interview in a different city. The airport in his city is far from his place. Despite being aware of the heavy traffic in his city, he starts late for the airport as he is convinced he can reach on time. However, he misses his flight and is unable to attend the interview. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:
A) the misinformation effect. B) the overconfidence phenomenon. C) the availability heuristic. D) the representativeness heuristic.
B
25) Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman notes that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, which of the following is true of System 2?
A) It functions automatically. B) It requires conscious attention. C) It functions out of awareness. D) It forms intuition or gut feeling.
B
26) Every semester, you underestimate how long you will take to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the:
A) perseverance bias. B) fundamental attribution error. C) correspondence bias. D) overconfidence phenomenon.
D
27) Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
A) Get people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be wrong. B) Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of people's judgments. C) Inform people about the overconfidence bias. D) Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias.
A
28) Which of the following strategies will NOT be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
A) Give prompt feedback to the person about his or her decisions. B) Have the person consider disconfirming information. C) Have the person think about why he or she could be wrong. D) Give the person feedback about others' performance.
D
29) One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information:
A) from experts. B) that is objective and factual. C) that involves judging estimates and comparisons. D) that might disprove what they believe.
D
30) When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs, the _____ occurs.
A) hindsight bias B) confirmation bias C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) fundamental attribution error
B
31) Sharon typically follows those news channels that support her existing political beliefs. She is not inclined to watch news on other channels as they may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon’s approach illustrates the:
A) confirmation bias. B) misinformation effect. C) base-rate fallacy. D) I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
A
32) Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?
A) an implicit attitude B) an explicit attitude C) a heuristic D) a confirmation bias
C
33) The tendency to judge something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a category is to use the _____ heuristic.
A) availability B) representativeness C) vividness D) matching
B
34) The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member is referred to as the _____ heuristic.
A) availability B) representativeness C) vividness D) matching
B
35) On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man in the front of the room talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is a professor and the younger man is a student, we are relying on _____.
A) the overconfidence phenomenon B) the representativeness heuristic C) belief perseverance D) the misinformation effect
B
36) During a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman, both in health professional attire, talking to each other. You assumed that the man was a physician and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found out the opposite to be true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals?
A) the availability heuristic B) the representativeness heuristic C) the vividness heuristic D) the matching heuristic
B
37) Natalie’s friend Jordan enjoys eating good food and visits new restaurants every week. He watches cooking shows regularly and does not shy away from trying new cuisines. Seeing his interest in food, Natalie assumes that Jordan is an expert cook. Which of the following concepts of psychology is illustrated in Natalie’s assumption?
A) counterfactual thinking B) belief perseverance C) the overjustification effect D) the representativeness heuristic
D
38) A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their presence in memory is called the _____ heuristic.
A) availability B) representativeness C) vividness D) matching
A
39) Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on an airplane trip covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?
A) the availability heuristic B) the representativeness heuristic C) the vividness heuristic D) the matching heuristic
A
40) Assuming most crimes involve violence because the media generally reports stories on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _____ heuristic.
A) availability B) representativeness C) vividness D) matching
A
41) After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel most likely because of the:
A) availability heuristic. B) representativeness heuristic. C) confirmation bias. D) planning fallacy.
A
42) The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but did not, is called:
A) the base-rate fallacy. B) automatic thinking. C) the reflective bias. D) counterfactual thinking.
D
43) Yvette gets a B in her psychology exam. She tells her friend, “If I had put in a little more effort, I could have scored an A in the test.” This is an example of:
A) implicit thinking. B) explicit thinking. C) counterfactual thinking. D) the fundamental attribution error.
C
44) Maxine is the captain of her school’s basketball team. After losing an interschool basketball tournament by one point, she is depressed and feels guilty. She thinks that if she had not made three consecutive fouls, her team would have won the match. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:
A) cognitive dissonance. B) priming. C) egocentrism. D) counterfactual thinking.
D
45) Ella participates in a beauty pageant and is the first runner-up. She thinks that she would have won the pageant if only she had performed better in the talent round. In the context of social thinking, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?
A) elaboration B) decentration C) counterfactual thinking D) convergent thinking
C
46) Caleb argues with his best friend over a misunderstanding. Subsequently, his friend stops talking to him as he is offended. Caleb later feels guilty for behaving immaturely and thinks of ways in which he could have handled the situation better and avoided the argument. In the context of social thinking, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?
A) belief perseverance B) counterfactual thinking C) an illusory correlation D) the overconfidence phenomenon
B
47) Counterfactual thinking occurs when:
A) we are not expecting a favorable outcome. B) we are surprised by favorable results. C) we can easily picture an alternative outcome. D) an event is insignificant.
C
48) The perception of a relationship where none exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called:
A) the representative heuristic. B) the availability heuristic. C) an illusory correlation. D) the overconfidence phenomenon.
C
49) Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents:
A) the representative heuristic. B) the availability heuristic. C) an illusory correlation. D) the overconfidence phenomenon.
C