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N106 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Basic Types of Tissues

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Neural Tissue
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue Overview

A
  • Covers body tissue
  • Lines cavities
  • Lines tubular structures
  • Serves essential functions
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3
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A

-Cell bound closely together
Free (apical) surface
-Attached to underlying connective tissue by basement membrane
-Avascular (lacks blood vessels)
-Continual replacement or regulation of cells

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4
Q

Location of Epithelial Tissue

A

Cover external and internal body surfaces
-Examples: skin, internal passageways (digestive, urinary. respiratory, reproductive tracts)
-Form selective barriers
Line internal cavities and passageways
-Examples: Cavities around lungs, heart
-prevent friction

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5
Q

Four essential functions of epithelia

A
  1. Provide physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
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6
Q

Gland Cells

A
  • Epithelial cells produce secretions

- Classified by where secretions discharged

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7
Q

Exocrine

A

Secretions discharged onto surface of epithelium

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8
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretions (called hormones) released into surround tissue fluid and blood

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9
Q

Intercellular Connections

A

Allow firm attachment to basement membrane and to adjacent epithelial cells

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10
Q

Attached materials

A
  • Transmembrane proteins called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
  • Proteoglycans
  • Blind CAMs to each other and to extracellular materials
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11
Q

Three Common Cell Junctions

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Gap Junctions
  3. Desmosomes
    Hemidesmosomes attach epithelial cells to a basement membrane and appear as almost “half” desmosomes
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12
Q

The Epithelial Surface

A

-Apical surface is exposed to an internal or external environment
Often has specialized structures, such as:
-Microvilli to increase surface area
-Cilia to move materials across the surface
Example: ciliated epithelium lining respiratory tract

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13
Q

The Basement Membrane

A

-Lies between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
-Noncellular network of protein fibers
Functions:
-Provides strength
-Resists distortion
-Acts as a barrier to proteins and other large molecules

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14
Q

Epithelial Renewal and Repair

A
  • Require continual renewal and repair
  • Accomplished by continuous division of unspecialized stem cells (germinative cells)
  • Occurs in deepest levels near basement membrane
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15
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

Determined by:

  • Number of layers of cells
  • simple (single layer)
  • Stratified (multiple layers)
  • Shape of exposed cells
  • Squamous (flat)
  • Cuboidal (square)
  • Columnar (rectangular)
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16
Q

Cell Layers

A

Simple epithelium

Stratified epithelium

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17
Q

Simple Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells covering basement membrane
  • Fragile
  • Lines internal compartments and passageways
  • Common in places where secretion and absorption take place
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18
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A
  • Multiple layers of cells
  • Provides greater protection
  • Found in areas exposed to mechanical or chemical stress
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19
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Side view: thin and flat

Top view: fried eggs laid side by side

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20
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Side view: square with large round nucleus in center

Top view: hexagonal boxes

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21
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Side view: rectangular with nuclei near base

Top view: Hexagonal boxes

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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Relatively rare

- Found in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

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23
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Relatively rare
  • found in parts of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra
  • Only superficial cells are columnar
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24
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Appears layered form multiple positions of nuclei, but is really only one cell layer thick
  • all cells contact basement membrane
  • cells typically have cilia
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25
Q

Stratified epithelium

A
  • Appearance changes with stretching
  • In empty bladder, outermost cells appear cuboidal
  • In full bladder, outermost cells appear flattened
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26
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • Discharge secretions though a duct or tube

- Tube empties onto an external or internal surface

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27
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Ductless glands

- Release hormones directly into blood or tissue fluids

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28
Q

What are the three modes of secretion that exist for exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine secretion
  2. Apocrine secretion
  3. Holocrine secretion
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29
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

-Product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
-Most common mode of exocrine secretion
Example: salivary glands
Mucin (one product secreted) mixes with water to produce mucus

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30
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

-Secretory vesicles packed into outer portion of cytoplasm
-Release involves shedding of some cytoplasm along with vesicles
-gland cell grows and repairs before additional releases
Example: mammary glands

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31
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

-Entire call packed with vesicles
-Cells burst
-Releasing secretion
-Killing gland cells
-Gland cells replaced by stem cells
Example: sebaceous glands

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32
Q

Types of secretion: Serous Glands

A

Watery secretions with enzymes

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33
Q

Types of secretion: Mucous Glands

A

Secrete mucins that form mucus

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34
Q

Types of secretion: Mixed glands

A

Both serous and mucous

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35
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types
  • Most diverse tissue of the body
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36
Q

Connective tissue components

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
37
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • Cells surrounded by matrix
  • formed form extracellular fibers and ground substance
  • accounts for majority of tissue volume
  • Never exposed to the outside environment
  • Many connective tissues are highly vascular
  • Contain sensory receptors
38
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Support and protection
  • Transportation of materials
  • Storage of energy reserves
  • Defense of the body
39
Q

Three Major Types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Fluid connective tissues
  3. Supporting connective tissues
40
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

-Many cell types
-Matrix with extracellular
Examples:
Tissue under the skin
Fatty Tissue
Tendons and
ligaments

41
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • Always present in connective tissue proper
  • Most abundant permanent cells in connective tissue proper
  • Produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance
42
Q

Fibrocytes

A
  • differentiate from fibroblasts

- Maintain connective tissue fibers

43
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Large phagocytic cells
  • Scattered throughout the matrix
  • Phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue
  • Release chemicals that mobilize the immune system
44
Q

Fat Cells ( adipocytes or adipose cells)

A
  • Permanent residents
  • Each cell contains large lipid droplet
  • number of fat cells vary
45
Q

Mast Cells

A
  • Small, mobile cells often found near blood vessels
  • Cytoplasm is packed with granules
  • Filled with histamine and heparin
  • Released to begin body’s defensive activities after an injury or infection
46
Q

What are the 3 basic types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
47
Q

Collagen fibers

A
  • long, straight, unbranched
  • Strong, but flexible
  • Most common type of fibers
48
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • Branched and wavy
  • Return to their original length after stretching
  • contain the protein elastin
49
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  • Made of same protein subunits as collagen fibers, but arranged differently
  • Thinner then collagen fibers
  • Form branching, interwoven framework in various organs
  • least common type of fibers
50
Q

Ground substance

A
  • Fills spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers
  • Consistency in normal connective tissue proper
  • Clear, colorless, and syrupy
  • Slows movement of pathogens
51
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

-“packing materials” of the body
-More ground substance, fewer fibers
Functions
-Fills space between organs and provide cushioning
-Support epithelia
-Anchor blood vessels and nerves
-Store lipids

52
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

-Tough, strong, and durable
-More fibers (mostly collagen) less ground substance
-Resist tension and distortion
-Interconnect bones and muscles
Tendons- Attach skeletal muscle to bone
Ligaments- Connect bone to bone

53
Q

Blood and Lymph

A
  • Distinct cell types in a fluid matrix with dissolved proteins
  • Watery matrix in blood is plasma
54
Q

Cell types in blood

A
  • Red Blood cells
  • White Blood cells
  • Platelets (cell fragments)
55
Q

Supporting Connective Tissues

A

-Provide strong framework that supports rest of the body
-Matrix contains numerous fibers
-In some, also contain deposits of solid calcium salts
Tissues contain
-Cartilage
-Bones

56
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm gel matrix with embedded fibers

57
Q

Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

A

-Contained in small pockets (lacunae)

58
Q

Cartilage Structure

A
  • Avascular (no blood supply)
  • Chondrocytes obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes by diffusion through matrix
  • Limited repair ability
  • Covered by perichondrium
  • Outer, fibrous layer (for strength)
  • Inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)
59
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-Most common types of cartilage
-Matrix with closely packed collagen fibers
-Provides tough, somewhat flexible support
-Reduces friction between bones
Locations:
-Bone surfaces in synovial joints
-Connecting ribs to sternum
-Conducting passageways of respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi)
-Nasal septum

60
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

-Contains numerous elastic fibers
-Resilient and flexible
locations
-Externa ear (auricle or pinna)
-Epiglottis
-Auditory tube

61
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-Little ground substance
-Matrix mostly densely woven collagen fibers
-Extremely durable and tough
-Resists compression, absorbs socks, prevents bone-to-bone contact
Locations
-Within knee joints
-Between pubic bones
-Forms intervertebral discs

62
Q

Bone or osseous tissue

A
  • Very small volume of ground substance
  • Matrix of hard calcium compounds and flexible collagen fibers
  • Strong (hard calcium compounds)
  • Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)
63
Q

Bone cells or osteocytes

A
  • Contained in lacunae (small pockets)
  • Arranged around central canals within matrix
  • Obtain nutrients through cytoplasmic extensions running through branching network within matrix (canaliculi)
64
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers bone surfaces
Composed of:
Fibrous outer layer
Cellular inner layer

65
Q

Tissue Membranes

A

-Are physicals barriers
-Line or cover portions of the body
Consists of:
An epithelium
Supporting connective tissues

66
Q

Four types of tissue membranes

A
  1. Mucous membranes
  2. Serous membranes
  3. Cutaneous membrane
  4. Synovial membrane
67
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

-Also known as mucosae
-Line passageways that open to the exterior
Examples: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
-Epithelial surfaces kept moist at all times (typically by mucous secretions)
-Type of epithelium varies
-Connective tissue layer composed of areolar tissue
-Layer called lamina propria

68
Q

Serous Membranes

A

-Line cavities not open to the outside
-Simple epithelium supported by areolar tissue
Consists of two portions
Parietal - lining the inner surface of the cavity
Visceral (serosa) - covering outer surface of organs in the body cavity
-Watery serous fluid reduces friction between parietal and visceral surfaces

69
Q

Three Serous Membranes

A
  1. Pleura
    - Lines pleural cavities
    - Covers lungs
  2. Peritoneum
    - Lines peritoneal cavity
    - Covers abdominal organs
  3. Pericardium
    - Lines pericardial cavity
    - Covers heart
70
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A
  • The skin
  • Covers the surface of the body
  • Epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium
  • Connective tissue consists of areolar tissue and underlying dense irregular connective tissue
  • Thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry
71
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

-Line freely moving, articulating joint cavities
-Consist primarily of areolar tissue
-Incomplete layer of epithelial tissue
-Protect the ends of bones
-Produce viscous synovial fluid
-Lubricates the joint and allows smooth
movement

72
Q

Muscles Tissue

A
  • Specialized for contraction

- Contract due to interactions between filaments of proteins myosin and actin

73
Q

Three types of muscle tissue in the body

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
74
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A
  • Moves or stabilizes position of the skeleton
  • Contains large, multinucleated cells
  • Long and slender individual cells called muscle fibers
  • New muscle fibers produced by division of stem cells
  • Myosin and actin arranged in repeating patterns, giving cells striated appearance
  • Under voluntary control
75
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A
  • Found only in the heart
  • Striated involuntary muscle
  • Typical cell or cardiocyte smaller than skeletal muscle fiber
  • Usually single nucleus per cell
  • Cells show extensive branching and interconnections at intercalated discs
  • Allows efficient coordinated contraction
  • Very limited ability to repair
76
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Found:

  • In walls of blood vessels
  • Around hollow organs such as the urinary bladder
  • Around the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
  • Small, slender cells tapered at the ends
  • Nonstriated involuntary muscle
  • Can regenerate after injury
77
Q

Neural Tissue

A
  • Also called nervous or nerve tissue
  • Specialized for transmitting electrical impulses
  • Most concentrated in brain and spinal cord
  • Rapidly senses internal or external environment
  • Processes information and controls responses
78
Q

Two kinds of Neural Cells

A
  1. Neurons
    - Nerve cells
    - Communicate through electrical events
    - Very limited ability to repair after injury
  2. Neuroglia
    - Supporting cells
    - Provide physical support for neural tissue
    - Maintain chemical composition of neural tissue fluids
    - Supply nutrients to neurons
    - Defend tissue from infection
79
Q

Cell Body

A

Contains the nucleus

80
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Numerous short branches extending from the cell body

- Receive incoming signals

81
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A
  • Long, thin extension of the cell body

- Carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

82
Q

Response to Tissue Injury

A
  • Tissues respond to injuries to maintain homeostasis
  • Cells restore homeostasis with two processes
    1. Inflammation
    2. Regeneration
83
Q

Inflammatory Response

A 
-The tissue’s first response to injury
Signs and symptoms include:
-Swelling
-Heat
-Redness
-Pain
84
Q

Inflammatory Response Triggers

A
  • Can be triggered by:
  • Trauma (physical injury)
  • Impact, abrasion, chemical irritation
  • Infection (the presence of harmful pathogens)
  • Extreme temperatures
85
Q

Inflammatory Response Process

A
  • Mast cells are stimulated
  • Chemicals (histamine and heparin) released
  • Local blood vessels dilated (enlarged) and made more permeable
  • Increased blood flow to injured region
  • Red, warm to touch, swollen
  • Increases delivery of required materials
  • Speeds removal of waste products and toxins
86
Q

Regeneration

A

-Second phase following injury
-Damaged tissues replaced or repaired
-Fibroblasts produce scar tissue
-Permanent replacement of normal tissue called fibrosis
-Different tissues vary in ability to regenerate after injury
Good regeneration – epithelial tissue, most connective tissue, smooth muscle
Poor regeneration – cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, cartilage, neural tissue

87
Q

Effects of aging on tissues

A
  • Body’s ability to repair damaged tissue declines

- Cancer more likely to occur

88
Q

Aging and Tissue Structure

A
  • Speed and effectiveness of tissue repair decrease with age due to:
  • Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)
  • Hormonal alterations
  • Reduced physical activity
89
Q

Age-related Tissue Changes

A
  • Thinning of epithelium
  • Connective tissue becomes more fragile
  • Bones become more brittle
  • Increasing incidence of osteoporosis
  • Thinner, less resilient cartilage
  • Increased cardiovascular disease
  • Deterioration in mental functioning
  • Aging and Cancer Incidence
  • Cancer rates increase with age
  • 25% of all people in the United States develop cancer
  • Cancer is the #2 cause of death in the United States
  • Over 500,000 deaths per year
  • Mutations due to chemical exposure and environmental factors account for 70–80% of cancer cases
  • Cigarette smoke causes 40% of these cancers

N106 (6 decks)

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