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N106 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biology?

A

biology is the study of life

one aim is to discover patterns in the diversity

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2
Q

What are the common functions of all living things?

A
  1. Responsiveness
  2. Growth
  3. Reproduction
  4. Movement
  5. Metabolism
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3
Q

Responsiveness

A

-Doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment
-Also called irritability
-Capacity to make longer term adjustments is adaptability
EX-moving away from a painful stimulus

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4
Q

Growth

A

An increase in organism size accomplished by:

  • Growth of cells
  • Addition of new cells
  • Differentiation
  • Process of individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions
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5
Q

Reproduction

A

Creation of new generations of similar organisms

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6
Q

Movement

A
  • May be Internal or External
  • Internal: transporting blood, food, or other material with the body
  • External: moving through the environment
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7
Q

Metabolism

A
  • Sum total of all chemical operations in the body
  • Cells use materials absorbed from the environment for energy
  • Nutrients form food
  • Oxygen
  • More complex organisms require specialized structures and systems for metabolic processes
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8
Q

What are the main metabolic processes?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells
  3. Digestion
  4. Breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed
  5. Excretion
  6. Elimination waste products generated by metabolic operations
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9
Q

Anatomy

A

-Greek origin
-Means cutting open
STUDY OF
-internal and external structure
-Relationships between body parts
-Divided into gross anatomy or microscopic anatomy

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10
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

-Also called macroscopic anatomy
-Studies structures visible with unaided eye
includes:
-Surface anatomy
-Study of general form and superficial markings

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11
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

The study of superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body

  • Systemic anatomy
  • Study of the structure of major organ systems
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12
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Includes:
Cytology and Histology

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13
Q

Cytology

A

Study of internal structure of individual cells

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14
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to preform specific functions

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15
Q

Physiology

A
  • Greek origin
  • Study of function in living organisms
  • Interrelated with anatomy
  • Anatomy gives clues about function
  • Physiology is explained in anatomical terms
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16
Q

Human Physiology

A

Studies functions of the human body
Specialties include the study of:
-The functions of living cells-Cell Physiology
-Includes chemical and molecular levels
-The physiology of specific organs-special physiology
-All aspects of the function of specific organ systems-systemic physiology
-the effects of diseases on organ or system functions-pathological physiology or pathology

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17
Q

Levels of organization

Chemical level

A
  • Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
  • Atoms combine to form molecules
  • Molecular shape defines function
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18
Q

Levels of organization

Cellular level

A
  • Made up of cells, the smallest living units in the body

- Formed by interaction between different molecules

19
Q

Levels of organization

Tissue level

A

Similar cells working together to preform a specific function form a tissue

20
Q

Levels of organization

Organ level

A

Two or more different tissues working together to preform specific functions form an organ

21
Q

Levels of organization

Organ System level

A

Organs interacting to preform specific functions form organ systems

22
Q

Levels of organization

organism level

A

All of the organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health form an organism

23
Q

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
24
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • A state of internal balance or stable internal environment
  • Must be maintained in order to survive
  • Malfunction of organ systems when homeostatic responses are overwhelmed result in disease
  • Accomplished by interdependent organ system functioning together
25
Q

Homeostatic Regulation

A

-Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
Involves
-A receptor that senses a particular change or stimulus
- A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor
-Am effector that responds to the control center commands
-This response may oppose or enhance the stimulus

26
Q

Homeostatic Regulation

A

-Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
Involves
-A receptor that senses a particular change or stimulus
- A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor
-Am effector that responds to the control center commands
-This response may oppose or enhance the stimulus
Examples
-Thermostat is set at desired temperature
-Variation outside desired range triggers response
-Response negates the original stimulus
-Example of negative feedback

27
Q

Negative Feedback

A

-Most common form of homeostatic regulation
-Variations from normal trigger automatic response
-Response corrects situation back to normal range
Example: thermoregulation
Body temp is to high - responds to lower temp
Body temp is to cold - responses to raise temp

28
Q

Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation

TOO HOT

A

if the body temperature is to high, control center targets: Sweat glands
-Increases secretion (sweat)
-Body cools with evaporation of sweat
Smooth muscle in blood vessels supplying skin
-blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to body surface
-Heat is radiated from skin to environment
RESULT: temperature is reduced

29
Q

Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation

TOO COLD

A

-Control center is targeted
-Sweat glands (decreasing activity)
smooth muscle in blood vessels supplying skin
-Blood vessels constrict, decreasing blood flow to body surface
-Decreasing heat loss to the environment
Skeletal Muscles
-Causes shivering, which produces heat
RESULT: temperature is increased

30
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Response reinforces or exaggerates original stimulus
-Results in escalating cycle or positive feedback loop
-Involved in regulation of potentially dangerous or stressful processes requiring rapid completion
Labor and delivery

31
Q

Anatomical Terminology

A
  • Common language required for clear communication
  • Called medical terminology
  • Many terms based on Latin or Greek language
  • Describes body regions, anatomical landmarks and directions, and body sections
32
Q

Anatomical Landmarks

A

-Anatomical position
-Hands at the side with the palms facing forward and feet together
-Laying down in anatomical position
-Supine (face up)
Prone (face down)

33
Q

Anatomical regions

A

surface of the abdominopelvic area can be mapped using two methods:

  1. Abdominopelvic quadrants- Used by clinicians to locate aches, pains, injuries
  2. Abdominopelvic regions- Used by anatomists for more precise location of internal organs
34
Q

Anatomical Directions

A

Provide an orientation of structures relative to anatomical position
Some terms are inter changeable
-Anterior - ventral
-Posterior - dorsal
Left and right always refer to the left and right sides of the subject not the observer

35
Q

Sectional Anatomy

A
  • Allows better understanding of the three-dimensional aspect of the human body
  • Required to interpret many imaging techniques looking at internal structures
  • described in reference to three primary sectional planes
36
Q

Sectional planes

A
  1. Frontal plane (or coronal plane)
    - Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
  2. Sagittal plane
    - divides body into left and right portions
    - midsagittal section divides into equal right and left halves
  3. Transverse Plane
    - Divides body into superior and inferior portions
    - cut in this plane called transverse section or cross section
37
Q

Body Cavities

A
  • True body cavities
  • closed, fluid-filled spaces
  • lined by a thin layer called serous membrane
  • Contain internal organs (viscera) suspended within them
  • Protect internal organs
  • Allow organs to change shape
38
Q

Body cavities of the trunk

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominopelvic cavity
    - separated into the diaphragm
    - flat muscle sheet
39
Q

Serous Membranes

A

-Produce watery fluid
-moistens opposing surfaces
-Reduces friction
Parietal Layer
-Lines walls of internal cavities
Visceral Layer
-Covers surfaces of visceral organs

40
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Contains three internal chambers
-one pericardial cavity (contains the heart)
Two pleural cavities (one each lung)
Each cavity is lined by serous membrane

41
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A
  • Lined by serous membrane called Pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium coves the heart
  • Parietal Pericardium is the outer layer
  • Pericardial fluid between two layers reduces friction
  • lies within mediastinum
42
Q

Pleural Cavities

A
  • Each lung is found with in its own pleural cavity
  • lined by serous membrane called pleura
  • visceral pleura is the layer covering the outer surface of a lung
  • Parietal pleura lines the edge of the mediastinum and the inner body wall
43
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A 
-Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
Subdivided into
Abdominal cavity (superior portion)
-Pelvic cavity (inferior portion)
Contains the peritoneal cavity
44
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A
  • Lined by serous membrane called peritoneum
  • Visceral peritoneum covers the internal organs
  • Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of the body wall
  • A few organs lie between peritoneal lining and wall of abdominal cavity
  • Position called retroperitoneal

N106 (6 decks)

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