Chapter 3a Flashcards
A shared system of symbols that can be spoken, written, or signed and used for communication and thought
Language
Our ability to relate meaning to the human voice; the oral expression of language
Speech
The smallest unit of sounds that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds within the word
Phoneme
Variations in production of the same phoneme
Allophones
When we WRITE, we use
26 graphemes (letters)- consonants and vowels
When we SPEAK, we use about
40 phonemes (sounds)- consonants and vowels
We use the Tradition Alphabet to
write words
We use the International Phonetic Alphabet to
transcribe speech
Consonants include (3)
- Place
- Manner
- Voicing
WHERE sounds are produced in the vocal tract- the location of the constriction
Place
HOW sounds are produced in the vocal tract- the type of constriction and how the breath stream is managed
Manner
Presence of absence of vocal fold vibration
Voicing
Vowels include (2)
- Tongue Height (high, mid, low)
2. Tongue Position (front, central, back)
Place (7)
- Bilabial Sounds
- Labiodental
- Linguadental
- Lingua-alveolar
- Lingua-palatal
- Lingua-velar
- Glottal
Bilabial Sounds
- Two lips
- sounds p, b, m, w
Labiodental
- lips and teeth
- sounds f, v
Linguadental
- tongue and teeth
- sounds both TH (+V) and (-v)
Lingua-alveolar
- tongue and alveolar ridge
- sounds t, d, s, z, n, l
Lingua-palatal
- tongue against hard palate
- sounds sh, zh, ch, j, y, r
Lingua-velar
- back of tongue to soft palate (velum)
- sounds k, g, ng
Glottal
- forcing air through vocal folds
- sounds h
Manner (6)
- Stops
- Fricatives
- Affricates
- Glides
- Liquids
- Nasals
Stops
completely block off vocal tract; build up air pressure; below the vocal folds apart
p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricatives
Use tongue to create constriction; force air through it
f, v, s, z, sh, zh, th (+v), th (-v), h
Affricates
Begin as a stop; ends as a fricative
ch, j
Glides
Gradually change the shape of the vocal tract, moving from one vowel to another to produce a consonant
w, y
Liquids
Creating a partial closure that air must travel around
tongue up in center, air travels around the sides (l)
Lateral
tongue in a variety of positions, air flows over and around (r)
Rhotic
Nasals
Open velopharygeal port; oral cavity closed off
m, n, ng
All vowels are
VOICED
Pairs of consonants that share the same place and manner of production; differ only in voicing
Cognate Pairs
T or F: All vowels are voiceless
False- all vowels are voiced
Monophthongs
Vowels produced in one position. No movement
Vowels produced while changing the vocal tract, moving from one vowel to another
Dipthongs
Newborns make
vegetative sounds
Occur secondary to activities for sustaining life- chewing, burping, yawning, swallowing
Vegetative Sounds
Vegetative sounds also known as
Reflexive Sounds
0-2 months
Cooling
Cooling
Growling, yelling, squealing. Expressing pressure
7-12 months
Babbling
Babbling consists of (3)
- Reduplicated
- Variegated
- Jargon
combines two sounds and produces nondrying repetitions (baobab, dada dada)
Reduplicated
combining consonants and vowels in a variety of combination (dot, mañana)
Variegated
meaningless combinations produced with adult-like stress and rhythm, so they sounds like real words (Ata, Ha!, Abdicate, Ga)
Jargon
When determining order of speech sounds development, researchers consider: (3)
- Production in three positions: initial, medial, final
- How to determine master- precent accuracy
- Studies vary
Customary
correct in 2/3 positions, 50% of the time
Mastery
correct in all positions, 90% of all children
Children often string nonsense words together that sound like a real sentence because the rhythm and melody of English are correct. These words are called?
Jargon
The acronym IPA stands for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
Goo or cooing starts occurring when a child is ____ months old. Canonical babbling starts occurring when a child is ____ months old.
2, 7
Some consonants are produced by blocking off the vocal tract, such as /p/ and /b/, while some consonants are produced by creating a constriction within the vocal tract and forcing the breath stream through the constriction, such as /s/ and /v/. These consonant descriptions relate to:
Manner of production
In speech development, newborns produce marginal babbling. This includes playing with front sounds.
False
