Chapter 2 Flashcards
Nervous System (3)
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
Central Nervous System consists of
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System consists of..(3)
Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System consists of…
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic System
The brain is protected by
The skull
The spinal cord is protected by
The spinal column
The brain and spinal cord are both protected by
The meninges
Three membranous layers under the bony covering
Meninges
Meninges of the Brain (3)
- Dura Matter
- Arachnoid Matter
- Pia Matter
(DAP)
Dura Matter
Attached to the skull
Arachnoid Matter
Purple, spider webby
Pia Matter
Bottom level, attached directly to brain or spinal cord
-Left and Right Hemispheres
Cerebrum
Connected by Corpus Callosum (allows two hemispheres to communicate)
Cerebrum
Each hemisphere= 4 lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital)
Cerebrum
Gyri, Sulci, and Fissures
Cerebrum
Gyri
Bumps
Sulci
Grooves
Fissures
Deep sulcus
Four Lobes of the Brain
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
Primary motor area
Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe plays a role in…(5)
MEJPS
- Motor Planning
- Emotional Control
- Judgement
- Problem solving
- Socialization
Broca’s Area is found here
Frontal Lobe
Primary Sensory Area
Parietal Lobe
Parietal Lobe plays a role in…(3)
- Pain
- Temperature
- Touch
Primary Auditory Area
Temporal Lobe
Temporal Lobe plays a role in…(1)
- Processing sound
Wernicke’s Area is located here
Temporal Lobe
Primary Visual Area
Occipital Lobe
Occipital Lobe is not involved in…(2)
- Speech
2. Language
For most people, language Area of the brain is located in the….
Left hemisphere
Right side dominance for language
5% of righties, 19% of lefties
Location of Cerebellum
Below and to the back of the cerebrum
Cerebellum plays a role in..(3)
- Motor Coordination
- Balance
- Movement
Cerebellum is found to be related to…(2)
- Autism
2. Stuttering
Most primitive part of the brain
Brain stem
Brain stem controls…(2)
- Breathing
2. Heart rate
Pathway for motor and sensory nerves carrying information to and from the Brain
Brian stem
Pathways cross over in the
Brain stem
Extension of the brain stem
Spinal Cord
Pathways for neural information
Spinal cord
Spinal cord is protected by..(2)
- Meninges
2. Spinal Column
Originate in the brain stem and exit at the base of the skull
Cranial nerves
How many pairs of cranial nerves
12 pairs
Transmit smell, vision, hearing, and taste information to the brain
Cranial Nerves
Transmit motor signals to control voluntary movement of eyes, mouth, lips, tongue, and larynx
Cranial Nerves
How many pairs of spinal Nerves
31 pairs
Originate in the spinal cord, exit at various points along the spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Carry motor and sensory information from the rest of the body
Spinal nerves
Speech-Language Areas of the Brain (3)
- Wernickes Area
- Brocas Area
- Motor Cortex
Location of Wernickes Area
Temporal Lobe
Function of Wernickes Area
Comprehension and formulation of language
Location of Brocas Area
Frontal Lobe
Function of Brocas Area
Motor planning of speech
Motor Cortex Location
Most posterior portion of frontal lobe, behind Broca’s
Motor Cortex function
Contains nerve centers that execute motor movements
What protects the brain?
The skull
What protects the spinal cord?
The spinal column
What are the meninges? List them all from brain to skull
Three membranous layers under the bony covering.
Dura Matter–> Arachnoid Matter–> Pia Matter
Which later is web-like?
Arachnoid Matter
How many hemispheres are there in the cerebrum?
2 hemispheres (left & right)
How many lobes are there in the cerebrum?
4 lobes.
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Which Lobe is mostly responsible for vision?
Occipital Lobe
Which Lobe is mostly responsible for touch and sensation?
Parietal Lobe
Which lobe is mostly responsible for motor control?
Frontal Lobe
Which Lobe is mostly responsible for cognition?
Frontal Lobe
Which Lobe is mostly responsible for auditory information?
Temporal Lobe
What part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?
Medulla
How does motor and sensory information travel from the brain to the body?
With nerve fibers. Travels through the brainstem. Goes to muscles from brain or from body part to brain.
Are the cranial nerves and spinal nerves part of the CNS or PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The spinal nerves carry motor and sensory information to what parts of the body?
Between the spinal cord and the body
Respiration
The Respiratory System
Phonation
The Laryngeal System
Articulation
The Articulatory System
Resonation
Resonating Cavities
Primary Function of respiratory system
Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs to sustain life
Secondary function of respiratory system
Produce the power source (energy) for speech
Location of Respiratory System
Thorax (chest cavity)
Protective system of Respiratory System
Spinal column (back)
Ribs (sides)
Sternum (front)
Main structures of Respiratory System (3)
- Diaphragm
- Lungs
- Trachea
Diaphragm
- dome-shaped (umbrella-like) muscle
- sits under the lungs
- separates thorax
Lungs
-Trachea descends and divides into:
2 bronchi which enter the right and left lungs. These further divides into Bronchioles and Alveoli
-lungs and spongy, elastic material; covered by moist, pleural sac
-pleural sac bind lung to rib cage, diaphragm with friction free surface
Energy=Pressure x Volume
Boyle’s Law
Energy in the thorax is constant
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and volume are inversely related
Boyle’s Law
Increasing volume decreases pressure
Boyle’s Law
Decreasing volume increases pressure
Boyle’s Law
Respiration Step 1
-Diaphragm contracts flattens (volume increases so pressure decreases)
Inhalation occurring during step 1 of respiration
- Airway open
- Pressure dropping within thoracic cavity
- Air pressure outside is higher
- Air rushes in
Exhalation occurring after Step 2
- Airway open
- Internal lung pressure high
- External pressure low
- Air rushes out
Quiet Breathing (breathing for life) in adults
17-22 breathes per minutes
Tidal Volume
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during quiet breathing
Quiet Breathing (3)
- Unimpeded movement of air allows maximum exchange of CO2 for O2
- Uses 10-15% of vital capacity
- Equal time: inhalation and exhalation
Vital Capacity
The amount of air the lungs can hold following the max inhalation and max exhalation
Restricted movement of air flow at vocal folds and in the oral cavity to produce voice and sounds
Breathing for speech
Vital Capacity formula
IRV + TV + ERV = Vital Capacity
Larynx Cartilages (3)
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Arytenoid Cartilages (paired)
Thyroid Cartilage (3)
- Largest structure in larynx
- Anterior prominence “Adams apple”
- Protects vocal folds/ vocal folds attach
Cricoid Cartilage (2)
- Topmost tracheal ring; just below thyroid
- Shaped like a class ring; larger in back
Arytenoid Cartilages (3)
- Sit atop cricold; opposite thyroid
- Pyramidal; rocking action
- Vocal folds attach
Laryngeal Muscles (3)
- Abductor
- Adductor
- Vocal Folds
Abductor
Opening
Adductor
Closing
Vocal Folds
Paired.
- Attached to the thyroid
- Span across the top of cricoid cartilage
- Attached at arytenoid cartilages
- When open: glottis
Bernoulli Principle
Used to explain how vocal folds open and close for foliation
As the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure associated with this movement will decrease
Bernoulli Principle
Which theory explains how vocal folds open and close for foliation?
Bernoulli Principle
Myoelastic
Aerodynamic Theory
Laryngeal Tone
Produced during rapid vibration of vocal folds
The source of sound for speech production
Laryngeal Tone
Children’s vibratory rate for laryngeal tone
400 times per second
Adult females vibratory rate for laryngeal tone
225 times per second
Adult males vibratory rate for laryngeal tone
125 times per second
Vibratory rate is based on:
Length and thickness (variable)
Biological Function of Articulatory System (3)
- Mastication (chewing)
- Deglutition (swallowing)
- Disease prevention (tonsils/adenoids)
Speech Function of Articulatory System
To produce speech sounds (phonemes)
Articulatory Structure
Vocal Tract
-Begins above vocal folds; ends at lips and nose
Three Cavities of Articulatory Structure
- Pharyngeal Cavity (throat)
- Oral Cavity (mouth)
- Nasal Cavity (nose)
Pharyngeal Cavity (3)
- Begins above vocal folds
- Ends at back of oral and nasal cavities
- Contains tonsils/adenoids (helps protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose)
Oral Cavity (1)
-Begins where pharyngeal cavity ends; ends at the lips
Structures of Oral Cavity (7)
- Tongue
- Alveoloar Ridge
- Hard Palate
- Soft Palate (Velum)
- Mandible (Jaw)
- Teeth
- Lips
Nasal Cavity
Begins where pharyngeal cavity ends: ends at openings of the nose (nares)
Resonance
The tendency for cavities to enhance certain sounds rather than others. Determined by shape and size
Ex: Tuba vs. Piccolo
The nasal cavity can be uncoupled (separated from) the oral and pharyngeal cavities by:
raising the Velum
The nasal cavity can be uncoupled (separated from) the nasal and pharyngeal cavities by:
raising the back of the Tongue
T or F: There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
True
T or F: The cerebellum is located below and to the back of the cerebrum
True
T or F: The left and right hemisphere are connected by the corpus callosum
True
T or F: The function of Wenicke’s area is motor planning of speech
False
T or F: The cerebellum controls breathing and heart rate
False
T or F: The right hemisphere of the brain is most dominant for language
False
T or F: The cerebrum is the most primitive part of the brain
False
T or F: The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord
True
T or F: The brain is the only part of the neuroanatomy covered by meninges
False
The process of inhalation is initiated (begun) by
lowering the diaphragm.
To produce a voiced sound, a speaker must close his vocal folds. What is the process of closing the vocal folds called?
Adduction
Lowering the diaphragm during breathing, immediately results in?
Increased chest volume
I am the largest laryngeal cartilage and the vocal folds attach to me.
thyroid cartilage
Damage in the ____ lobe results in language difficulties.
temporal
Which of the lobes of the brain is associated with vision?
Occipital
The Adam’s apple is associated with
the thyroid cartilage
Another name for the soft palate is?
Velum
T or F: The central nervous system is comprised of the spinal and cranial nerves.
False
Which of the lobes is considered the primary sensory area?
Parietal
The ____ cavity begins at the vocal folds and ends behind the mouth and nose.
Pharyngeal
The ____ cavity begins at the opening of the nose and ends in the back at the pharyngeal cavity.
Nasal
The ____ cavity begins at the lips and ends at the back of the mouth.
Oral
The ____ system protects and prepares our bodies for any situation, while the ____ system returns our body to a state of equilibrium.
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
Where in the brain would you find the primary motor area?
Frontal lobe
T or F: Efferent signals are motor signals that exit the brain while afferent signals are sensory signals that arrive to the brain.
True
The vocal folds attach to which of the following cartilage(s)?
arytenoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
