Chapter 38 Digestive And Excretory Systems Flashcards
What do cells convert chemical energy stored in the sugar molecules and other molecules?
ATP
How is the energy content of the food that is converted to heat measured in?
It is measured in calories.
What is one calorie equal to?
It is equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
What is the energy in food measured in?
It is measured in dietary Calories.
The number of Calories your body needs depends on what?
Your age,sex, and activity level.
What are nutrients?
Substances in food that supply that supply the body with energy and raw materials needed for growth, repair, and maintenance.
What are the six nutrients your body needs?
Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
What does every cell in the human body need water?
Many of the body’s processes take place in water.
What fluid makes up of blood and other body fluids?
Water
______ removes water to cool the body by evaporation.
Sweating
Simple and complex _______ are the body’s main source of energy.
Carbohydrates
What type of carbohydrates do not have to be digested or broken down and provide quick energy for the body?
Simple carbohydrates
______ carbohydrates have to be broken down into simple sugars to be used for energy.
Complex
What forms fat?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
______ fats will usually be solid at room temperature.
Saturated
______ fats will usually be liquid at room temperature.
Unsaturated
How do fats assist the body?
Fats protect organs and joints, help make up cell membranes, and helps insulate the body.
_____ will supply raw materials for growth and repair of the body.
Proteins
What forms proteins?
Amino acids
How many of the twenty amino acids can the body produce?
Twelve
What are the other eight amino acids that must be obtained from food known as?
Essential amino acids
What are vitamins?
Organic molecules that help regulate body processes.
______-______ vitamins are stored in fatty tissues.
Fat-soluble
What type of vitamin cannot be stored and should be in a person’s diet?
Water-soluble
What happens when the body does not receive sufficient vitamins?
Diseases result.
What type of effects do vitamins have on a person’s health?
Serious effects
Inorganic materials that your body needs in small amounts are called ______
Minerals
How does a person’s body lose minerals?
It is lost in sweat, urine, and other waste products.
The ________ system will break food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells.
Digestive
What parts does the digestive system include?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
What other structures of the digestive system add secretions?
Salivary gland, pancreas, and liver
Where does most mechanical digestion take place?
In the mouth
What enzyme is released by the salivary glands that breaks down starches and sugars?
Amylase
A swallowed clump of food passes through the pharynx and into the ______.
Esophagus
What is the flap of skin that keeps food from entering the trachea?
Epiglottis
What are the muscle contractions that squeeze food from the esophagus to the stomach?
Peristalsis
Both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion both take place in the ______.
Stomach
Microscopic glands produce hydrochloric acid, which activates ______ a enzyme that begins the digestion of protein and will be secreted by a third set of stomach glands.
Pepsin
___ will work best under acidic conditions in the stomach.
Pepsin
____ is produced when stomach muscles contract to churn and mix stomach fluids and food.
Chyme
Most chemical digestion and digestion of food will occur in the _____.
Small intestine
The ______ is just behind the stomach.
Pancreas
The functions of the _____ include producing hormones to help regulate blood sugar levels, producing enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
Pancreas
The _____ is just above and to the right of the stomach.
Liver
The liver will produce ______ , a fluid loaded with lipids and salts.
Bile
_____ dissolves and disperses the droplets of fat found in fatty foods.
Bile
The ______ is a small, pouch-like organ that stores bile.
Gallbladder
The three parts of the small intestine are______, ________, and _______
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
The folded surfaces of the small intestine are covered with fingerlike projections that are called ______.
Villi
What is the function of the large intestine?
It is to remove water from undigested material
When does diarrhea occur?
It occurs when too little water is removed from the waste in the large intestine.
What is the processing in which the body removes wastes?
Excretion
What are the functions of the kidneys?
It removes waste products from the blood, maintains blood pH, and controls the water content of blood.
The _____ is the basic unit of function in a kidney.
Nephron
What happens when blood enters a nephron?
Impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct.
What processes take place within the nephron?
Filtration and reabsorption
