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Biology > Chapter 38 Digestive And Excretory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Digestive And Excretory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What do cells convert chemical energy stored in the sugar molecules and other molecules?

A

ATP

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2
Q

How is the energy content of the food that is converted to heat measured in?

A

It is measured in calories.

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3
Q

What is one calorie equal to?

A

It is equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

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4
Q

What is the energy in food measured in?

A

It is measured in dietary Calories.

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5
Q

The number of Calories your body needs depends on what?

A

Your age,sex, and activity level.

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6
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Substances in food that supply that supply the body with energy and raw materials needed for growth, repair, and maintenance.

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7
Q

What are the six nutrients your body needs?

A

Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

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8
Q

What does every cell in the human body need water?

A

Many of the body’s processes take place in water.

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9
Q

What fluid makes up of blood and other body fluids?

A

Water

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10
Q

______ removes water to cool the body by evaporation.

A

Sweating

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11
Q

Simple and complex _______ are the body’s main source of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What type of carbohydrates do not have to be digested or broken down and provide quick energy for the body?

A

Simple carbohydrates

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13
Q

______ carbohydrates have to be broken down into simple sugars to be used for energy.

A

Complex

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14
Q

What forms fat?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

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15
Q

______ fats will usually be solid at room temperature.

A

Saturated

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16
Q

______ fats will usually be liquid at room temperature.

A

Unsaturated

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17
Q

How do fats assist the body?

A

Fats protect organs and joints, help make up cell membranes, and helps insulate the body.

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18
Q

_____ will supply raw materials for growth and repair of the body.

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What forms proteins?

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

How many of the twenty amino acids can the body produce?

A

Twelve

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21
Q

What are the other eight amino acids that must be obtained from food known as?

A

Essential amino acids

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22
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic molecules that help regulate body processes.

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23
Q

______-______ vitamins are stored in fatty tissues.

A

Fat-soluble

24
Q

What type of vitamin cannot be stored and should be in a person’s diet?

A

Water-soluble

25
Q

What happens when the body does not receive sufficient vitamins?

A

Diseases result.

26
Q

What type of effects do vitamins have on a person’s health?

A

Serious effects

27
Q

Inorganic materials that your body needs in small amounts are called ______

A

Minerals

28
Q

How does a person’s body lose minerals?

A

It is lost in sweat, urine, and other waste products.

29
Q

The ________ system will break food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells.

A

Digestive

30
Q

What parts does the digestive system include?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

31
Q

What other structures of the digestive system add secretions?

A

Salivary gland, pancreas, and liver

32
Q

Where does most mechanical digestion take place?

A

In the mouth

33
Q

What enzyme is released by the salivary glands that breaks down starches and sugars?

A

Amylase

34
Q

A swallowed clump of food passes through the pharynx and into the ______.

A

Esophagus

35
Q

What is the flap of skin that keeps food from entering the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

36
Q

What are the muscle contractions that squeeze food from the esophagus to the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

37
Q

Both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion both take place in the ______.

A

Stomach

38
Q

Microscopic glands produce hydrochloric acid, which activates ______ a enzyme that begins the digestion of protein and will be secreted by a third set of stomach glands.

A

Pepsin

39
Q

___ will work best under acidic conditions in the stomach.

A

Pepsin

40
Q

____ is produced when stomach muscles contract to churn and mix stomach fluids and food.

A

Chyme

41
Q

Most chemical digestion and digestion of food will occur in the _____.

A

Small intestine

42
Q

The ______ is just behind the stomach.

A

Pancreas

43
Q

The functions of the _____ include producing hormones to help regulate blood sugar levels, producing enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

A

Pancreas

44
Q

The _____ is just above and to the right of the stomach.

A

Liver

45
Q

The liver will produce ______ , a fluid loaded with lipids and salts.

A

Bile

46
Q

_____ dissolves and disperses the droplets of fat found in fatty foods.

A

Bile

47
Q

The ______ is a small, pouch-like organ that stores bile.

A

Gallbladder

48
Q

The three parts of the small intestine are______, ________, and _______

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

49
Q

The folded surfaces of the small intestine are covered with fingerlike projections that are called ______.

A

Villi

50
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

It is to remove water from undigested material

51
Q

When does diarrhea occur?

A

It occurs when too little water is removed from the waste in the large intestine.

52
Q

What is the processing in which the body removes wastes?

A

Excretion

53
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

It removes waste products from the blood, maintains blood pH, and controls the water content of blood.

54
Q

The _____ is the basic unit of function in a kidney.

A

Nephron

55
Q

What happens when blood enters a nephron?

A

Impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct.

56
Q

What processes take place within the nephron?

A

Filtration and reabsorption

Biology (9 decks)

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