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AP Biology Semester 2 > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

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1
Q

what helps angiosperms reproduce sexually with distant members of their own species?

A

insects

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2
Q

how do angiosperms lure insects?

A

-with nectar; both plant and pollinator benefit

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3
Q

true or false:

angiosperms can reproduce sexually and asexually

A

true

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4
Q

what are plant lifecycles characterized by?

A

the alternation between a multicellular haploid (n) and a multicellular diploid (2n) generation

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5
Q

diploid sporophytes (2n) produce_____ by ______; these grow into ______ gametophytes

A

spores (n) by meiosis ; these grow into haploid gametophytes

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6
Q

gametophytes produce ____ gametes by ____

A
  • haploid

- mitosis

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7
Q

fertilization of gametes produces…

A

a sporphyte

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8
Q

what are the four floral organs of the flowers?

A
  1. sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
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9
Q

which of the four organs of the flowers are sterile and which are reproductive?

A
  1. stamens and carpels are reproductive

2. sepals and petals are sterile

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10
Q

what are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporphytle

A

flowers

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11
Q

anther

A
  • this tops the stamen and has pollen sacs that produce pollen
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12
Q

what makes up the carpel

A

a long style and a stigma at the end on which pollen may land

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13
Q

what is at the base of the style?

A

an ovary containing one or more ovules

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14
Q

pistil

A

a single carpel or group of fused carpels

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15
Q

complete flowers

A

contain all four floral organs

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16
Q

incomplete flowers

A

lack one or more floral organs

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17
Q

inflorescences

A

clusters of flowers

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18
Q

where does pollen develop?

A

from microspores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs of anthers

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19
Q

each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce what two cells?

A
  1. the generative cell

2. the tube cell

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20
Q

a pollen grain contains what?

A
  1. the two-celled male gametophyte

2. the spore wall

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21
Q

pollen grain produces what that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac?

A

pollen tube

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22
Q

where does the embryo sac develop?

A

within the ovule

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23
Q

what is there to know about what happens in the ovule?

A
  • two integuments surround a megasporangium
  • one cell in the megasporangium undergoes meiosis, producing four megaspores, only one of which survive
  • the megaspore divides, producing a large cell with eight nuclei
  • the cell is partitioned into a multicellular female gametophyte, the embryo sac
24
Q

megasporangium

A

A plant structure in which megaspores are formed

25
Q

what are the different ways of pollination

A

by wind, water, or animals

26
Q

coevolution

A

the evolution of interacting species in response to change in each other

27
Q

double fertilization

A

discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac
-one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the polar nuclei, giving rise to the food storing endosperm

28
Q

what happens after double fertilization

A

each ovule develops into a seed

-the ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed

29
Q

does endosperm development usually precede or follow embryo development

A

precede

30
Q

the food reserves of the endosperm can do what two things

A
  1. In most monocots and some eudicots, endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by the seedling
  2. In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are exported to the cotyledon
31
Q

what happens in the first mitotic division of the zygote?

A

-The first mitotic division of the zygote splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a terminal cell
• The basal cell produces a multicellular suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant
• The terminal cell gives rise to most of the embryo
• The cotyledons form and the embryo elongates

32
Q

seed coat

A

a hard and protective covering that the embryo and its food supply are enclosed by
-then the seed enters a state of dormancy

33
Q

hypocotyl

A

the embryonic axis below the cotyledons

34
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root

35
Q

epicotyl

A

above the cotyledons

36
Q

cotyledons

A

seed leaves

*such as the two parts of beans or the two parts of peanuts

37
Q

what does seed dormancy increase the chances of?

A

germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling
-breaking of seed dormancy requires environmental cues such as temperature or lighting changes

38
Q

imbibition

A

the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed
-germination depends on imbibition

39
Q

what is the seedling development (or germination) process?

A
  • the embryonic root emerges first
  • next, the shoot tip breaks through the soil surface
  • (in many eudicots) a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground
  • Light causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up
40
Q

a fruit develops from what?

A

from the ovary

-it protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals

41
Q

what classifies a fruit as dry or fleshy

A

A fruit may be classified as dry, if the ovary dries out at maturity, or fleshy, if the ovary becomes thick, soft, and sweet at maturity

42
Q

what are the three classifications for plants based on their developments

A
  1. simple, a single or several fused carpels
  2. aggregate- a single flower with multiple separate carpels
  3. multiple, a group of flowers called an inflorescence
43
Q

why do plants prefer sexual reproduction rather than asexual

A

-sexual reproduction produced genetically different offspring which allows for more diversity and less occurrence of “bad traits”

44
Q

fragmentation

A

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants, is a very common type of asexual reproduction

45
Q

apomixis

A

the sexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

46
Q

vegetative reproduction

A

another term for asexual reproduction

47
Q

dioecious

A

species that have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants
**others have stamen and carpels that mature at different times or are arranged to prevent selfing

48
Q

self-incompatibility

A

a plants ability to reject its own pollen

49
Q

adventitious roots

A

roots which develop from stems.

50
Q

callus

A

a mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots

51
Q

transgenic plants

A

genetically modified to express a gene from another organism

52
Q

protoplast fusion

A

used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts, plant cells with their cell walls removed

53
Q

what are the two meanings of plant biotechnology

A

– In a general sense, it refers to innovations in the use of plants to make useful products
– In a specific sense, it refers to use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry

54
Q

biofuels

A

-made by the fermentation and distillation of plant materials such as cellulose
• Biofuels can be produced by rapidly growing crops such as switchgrass and poplar
• Biofuels would reduce the net emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas

55
Q

what is the concern of GMO’s

A

-One concern is that genetic engineering may
transfer allergens from a gene source to a plant used for food
-Many ecologists are concerned that the growing of GM crops might have unforeseen effects on nontarget organisms
-Perhaps the most serious concern is the possibility of introduced genes escaping into related weeds through crop-to-weed hybridization; This could result in “superweeds” that would be
resistant to many herbicide

56
Q

what does the macronutrients magnesium, calcium, and sulfer do in plants?

A

magnesium- participates in metabolic processes of other nutrients uptake, and Promotes proper plant cell elongation.
sulfur- used in the formation of amino acids, proteins, and oils. It is necessary for chlorophyll formation

AP Biology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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