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AP Biology Semester 2 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

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1
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function

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2
Q

organ

A

consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

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3
Q

True or false:

Plants have tissues composed of different organs which in turn are composed of different cell types

A

FALSE:

Plants have ORGANS composed of different TISSUES which in turn are composed of different cell types

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4
Q

what are the three basic organs in a plant?

A

roots, stems, and leaves

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5
Q

plants take up water and minerals from _____ ______

A

below ground

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6
Q

plants take up CO2 and light from _____ ______

A

above ground

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7
Q

a. roots rely on photosynthesis in the shoot system for what?
b. shoots rely on root system for what?

A

water and minerals

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8
Q

what are the two types of angiosperms?

A

monocots and eudicots (dicots)

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9
Q

what is the root’s three important functions

A
  1. anchoring the plant
  2. absorbing minerals and water
  3. storing carbohydrates
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10
Q

what is a gymnosperm?

A

a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit.

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11
Q

what is an angiosperm?

A

a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel.

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12
Q

most eudicots and gymnosperms have what type of system?

A

taproot system

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13
Q

what does a taproot system consist of (with definitions)

A

taproot- the main vertical root

lateral roots- or branch roots, that arise from the taproot

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14
Q

most monocots have what types of root system?

A

fibrous root system

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15
Q

what does the fibrous root system consist of? (with definitions)

A

Adventitious roots- arise from stems or leaves

lateral roots - arise from the adventitious roots

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16
Q

what does the stem consist of?

A

alternating system of nodes

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17
Q

nodes

A

the points at which leaves are attached

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18
Q

internodes

A

the stem segments between nodes

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19
Q

axillary bud

A

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

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20
Q

apical bud (or terminal bud)

A

located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

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21
Q

apical dominance

A

helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

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22
Q

what is the leaves main job (usually)

A

Photosynthesis

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23
Q

what do leaves consist of?

A
  1. a flattened blade

2. a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

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24
Q

veins

A

the vascular tissue of leaves

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25
Q

what type of veins do monocots have?

what type of veins do eudicots have?

A

a. parallel veins

b. branching veins

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26
Q

True or False:

In classifying angiosperms , taxonomists may use leaf morphology as a criterion

A

True

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27
Q

each plant organ has what three tissues?

A

dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

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28
Q

cuticle

A

a waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

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29
Q

periderm

A

protective tissues replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
(the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening or as a response to injury or infection.)

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30
Q

trichomes

A

outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense

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31
Q

the dermal tissue system consist of

A

the epidermis - the outer layer of cells covering the plant for protection

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32
Q

vascular tissue system

A

carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots (where your xylem and phloem are)

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33
Q

what are the two vascular tissues?

A

xylem and phloem

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34
Q

xylem

A

conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

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35
Q

Phloem

A

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

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36
Q

stele

A

the vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the stele

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37
Q

in angiosperms what does the stele look like?

A

it is a solid central vascular cylinder

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38
Q

the stele of stems and leaves is divided into what three things?

A
  1. Vascular bundles
  2. strand of xylem
  3. phloem
39
Q

ground tissue system

A

where photosynthesis occurs

-have a lot of cells with chloroplasts

40
Q

pith

A

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

41
Q

cortex

A

ground issue external to the vascular tissue

42
Q

the cells in ground tissue is specialized for what three things?

A
  1. storage
  2. photosynthesis
  3. support
43
Q

what are the 5 major types of plant cells

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
  4. water-conducting cells of the xylem
  5. sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
44
Q

Mature parenchyma cells have what 5 characterisitics?

A
  1. have thing and flexible primary walls
  2. lack secondary walls
  3. are the least specialized
  4. perform the most metabolic functions
  5. retain the ability to divide and differentiate
45
Q

collenchyma cells

A

grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot (living cells which elongate as the stem and leaves)

46
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of collenchyma cells

A
  1. They have thicker and uneven cell walls
  2. they lack secondary walls
  3. these cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
  4. can stretch and support any part of plant that is growing
47
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

function as support (ex: coat of a seed)

48
Q

what are the 2 things to know about sclerenchyma cells?

A
  1. are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
  2. they are dead at functional maturity
49
Q

what are the 2 types of sclerenchyma cells?

A
  1. Sclereids- short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls
  2. fibers- long and slender and arranged in threads
50
Q

what are the two types of water conducting cells?

A
  1. tracheids - (dead at maturity) found in the xylem of all vascular plants
  2. vessel elements- (dead at maturity) align end to end to form long micropipes vessel elements are common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms
51
Q

sieve tube elements

A

alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles

sugar conducting cells

52
Q

sieve plates

A

the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube
* these are on the side of the phloem*

53
Q

true or false:

each sieve-tube element has a companion cell

A

true

54
Q

indeterminate growth

A

a plant growing throughout its life

55
Q

determinate growth

A

when plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

56
Q

meristems

A

perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

57
Q

apical meristems

A

located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

58
Q

primary growth

A

when apical meristems elongate shoots and roots

59
Q

lateral meristems

A

is arranged parallel to the sides of an organ and that is responsible for increase in diameter of the organ

60
Q

secondary growth

A

the process in which thickness is added to woody plants

61
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

62
Q

cork cambium

A

replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher

63
Q

what are the two types of later meristems

A
  1. vascular cambium

2. cork cambium

64
Q

meristems give rise to what two things

A
  1. initials (also called stem cells) which remain in the meristem
  2. derivatives - which become specialized in mature tissues
65
Q

true or false:

in woody plants, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different locations

A

true

66
Q

annuals complete their life cycles in what time period?

A

one year or less

67
Q

biennials complete their life cycle in what time period?

A

require two growing seasons

68
Q

perennials complete their life cycle in what time period?

A

live for many years

69
Q

primary growth produces what parts?

A

the root and the shoot systems produced by apical meristems

70
Q

the root tip is covered by a root cap which does what?

A

protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil

71
Q

growth occurs just behind the root tip in three zones of cells which are

A
  1. zone of cell division
  2. zone of elongation
  3. zone of differentiation, or maturation
72
Q

the primary growth of roots produces what three things

A
  1. epidermis
  2. ground tissue
  3. vascular tissue
73
Q

what is the stele like in angiosperm roots?

A

it is a vascular cylinder

74
Q

what does the stele (vascular cylinder) look like in most eudicots

A

it is starlike in appearance with phloem between the “arms”

75
Q

what does the stele (vascular cylinder) look like in most monocots?

A

a core of parenchyma cells is surrounded by rings of xylem then phloem

76
Q

cortex

A

region between the vascular cylinder and epidermis

77
Q

what fills the cortex?

A

the ground tissues (which is mostly parenchyma cells)

78
Q

endodermis

A
  • innermost layer of the cortex

- regulates passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cylinder

79
Q

what do lateral shoots develop from?

A

axillary buds on the stem’s surface

80
Q

what does the inside of stems look like in eudicots?

A

the vascular tissue consists of bundles arranged in a ring

81
Q

what does the inside of stems look like in monocots?

A

the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring

82
Q

stomata

A

allow CO2 and O2 to exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

83
Q

guard cells

A
  • two guard cells flank each stomatal pore

- regulate its opening and closing

84
Q

mesophyll

A
  • the ground tissue in a leaf

- sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

85
Q

what are the two layers of mesophyll?

A
  1. the palisade mesophyll- in upper part of leaf

2. spongy mesophyl- in the lower part of the leaf; loos arrangement allows for gas exchange

86
Q

Things to know:

A
  1. vascular tissue of each leaf is continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem
  2. veins are the leaf’s vascular bundles and function as the leaf’s skeleton
  3. each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective bundle sheath
87
Q

where does secondary growth occur and rarely occur?

A
  1. occurs in stems and roots

2. rarely occurs in leaves

88
Q

secondary growth is characteristics of _____ and many _____

A

gymnosperms and many eudicots

**but not monocots

89
Q

the secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by the ______ and ______

A
  1. vascular cambium

2. cork cambium

90
Q

vascular cambium

A

add secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside of the cylinder of meristematic cells (cells are perenchyma cells)

91
Q

what does the xylem and phloem do in a tree to make the tree wider?

A
  • the older xylem is more towards the center of the tree while the new xylem is towards the edge so the old ones accumulate to make a wider tree trunk
  • the older phloem sloughs off (or goes away) and does not accumulate
92
Q

lenticels

A

in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air

93
Q

bark

A

consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm

AP Biology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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