Chapter 38

Question 1

What are the four major tissue types?

Answer 1

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 2

What is the study of tissue called?

Answer 2

Histology

Question 3

What is histology?

Answer 3

The study of tissue

Question 4

Epithelial tissue general appearance?

Answer 4

sheet-like layer of cells

Question 5

General locations of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

i. covers exposed surfaces (skin)
ii. covers surfaces of internal organs
iii. lines cavities & ducts within the body

Question 6

General function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

i. protects body surfaces from abrasion & infection
ii. secretes/absorbs various substances

Question 7

How is epithelial tissue classified/arranged?

Answer 7

(1) cell arrangement
(2) cell morphology (shape)

Question 8

Epithelium arrangement types?

Answer 8

i. simple – single layer of cells
ii. stratified – multiple layers of cells

Question 9

Epithelium morphology/shapes?

Answer 9

i. squamous – flattened
ii. cuboidal – square-like
iii. columnar – rectangular

Question 10

What are the major types of epithelial tissues?

Answer 10

a. simple squamous
b. simple cuboidal
c. simple columnar
d. stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

Simple squamous epithelium:
Function?
Location?

Answer 11

i. function: allows for diffusion
ii. location: blood vessel walls; air-sac of lungs

Question 12

Simple cuboidal:
Function?
Location?

Answer 12

i. function: secretion/absorption
ii. location: glands; tubular part of nephrons (kidney)

Question 13

Simple columnar:
Function?
Location?

Answer 13

i. function: secretion/absorption
ii. location: lining of gut & respiratory tract

Question 14

Stratified squamous epithelium:
Function?
Location?

Answer 14

i. function: protects against abrasion
ii. location: skin, mouth, esophagus & vagina

Question 15

Connective tissue function?

Answer 15

i. supports other body tissues
ii. transmits mechanical & other forces

Question 16

General features of connective tissue?

Answer 16

i. Consists of cells embedded in non-living ECM
ii. Many connective tissues feature the proteins collagen and/or elastin (which is more pliable than collagen)

Question 17

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 17

loose connective tissue
dense (fibrous) connective tissue
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

Question 18

What is considered connective tissue proper?

Answer 18

loose connective tissue
dense (fibrous) connective tissue
adipose tissue

Question 19

Loose connective tissue:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Answer 19

loose connective tissue: fibroblasts (and other cells) surrounded by collagen & elastin
1. function: supports elasticity; diffusion
2. location: under skin & most epithelia; around blood vessels, nerves & some
internal organs

Question 20

Dense (fibrous) connective tissue:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Answer 20

dense (fibrous) connective tissue: long rows of fibroblasts surrounded by collagen &
elastin fibers in parallel bundles
1. function: strength; elasticity
2. location: tendons; ligaments

Question 21

Adipose tissue:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Answer 21

adipose tissue: large, tightly packed adipocytes with little ECM
1. function: energy reserves; insulation; padding
2. location: under skin; around heart; kidneys

Question 22

Cartilage:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Answer 22

cartilage: chondrocytes embedded in a pliable, solid matrix of collagen & chondroitin
sulfate
1. function: support; flexibility; low-friction surface for joints
2. location: ends of long bones; ears; nose; parts of airways; skeleton of vertebrate
embryos

Question 23

Blood:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Answer 23

blood: leukocytes (white blood cells); erythrocytes (red blood cells); platelets all
suspended in plasma
1. function: transport of substances
2. location: circulatory system

Question 24

Bone:
Description?
Function?
Location?

Answer 24

bone: osteocytes in a matrix of collagen & glycoproteins hardened in hydroxyapatite
1. function: movement; support; protection
2. location: bones of vertebrate skeleton

Question 25

What is the most notable feature of muscle tissue?

By what means to they achieve this mechanism?

Answer 25

Muscle tissue: features cells that contract due to actin & myosin proteins

Question 26

Three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 26

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Question 27

Skeletal muscle description:
Function?
Location?

Answer 27

skeletal muscle: bundles of long, cylindrical, striated, contractile, multinucleate cells
called muscle fibers
1. function: locomotion; movement of body parts
2. location: attached to bones of skeleton

Question 28

Cardiac muscle description:
Function?
Location?

Answer 28

cardiac muscle: interlinked network of short & branched striated cells; intercalated
disks
1. function: pumping of blood within circulatory system
2. location: wall of heart

Question 29

Smooth muscle description:
Function?
Location?

Answer 29

smooth muscle: loose network of contractile cells with tapered ends
1. function: movement of internal organs
2. location: wall of internal organs

Question 30

Two cells types in nervous tissue?

Answer 30

Neuron and glia (neuroglia)

Question 31

Function of neuron?

Structure of neuron?

Answer 31

neuron: cell that serves as the line of communication between body parts

1. Know these cellular structures: nucleus, cell body (soma), dendrites, axon & axon termini

Question 32

How many organ systems in body?

Answer 32

11

Question 33

Functions of organ systems?

Answer 33

Acquiring, processing & distributing nutrients throughout the body; eliminating wastes.

Synthesizing basic biological molecules required for structure and function.

Sensing & responding to changes in the environment.

Protecting the body against injury or attack, be it large (predator) or small (infection).

Reproduction & nourishment of offspring.

Question 34

Name all the organ systems?

Answer 34

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. digestive
6. endocrine
7. pulmonary
8. circulatory
9. excretory/urinary
10. immune
11. reproductive systems (male and female)

Question 35

Nervous system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 35

Nervous system:
Structures:
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves & sensory organs

Functions:
regulatory system
senses changes in environment (internal/external)
decision-making
coordinates body’s responses

Question 36

Endocrine system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 36

Endocrine system:
Structures:
pituitary(brain), hypothalamus (brain), thyroid, adrenal, pancreas & other hormone-secreting glands
[pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, uterus, testes.]

Functions:
regulates & coordinates body activities through hormone secretions

Question 37

Excretory (urinary) system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 37

Excretory (Urinary) system:
Structures:
kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
Functions:
removes & eliminate excess water, ions & other waste products from the body
regulates internal osmotic balance & pH
Helps regulate blood pressure

Question 38

Muscular system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 38

Muscular system:
Structures:
skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle

Functions:
moves body parts
facilitates body functions (eg., digestion)
generates heat

Question 39

Female reproductive system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 39

Female reproductive system:
Structures:
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina & mammary glands

Functions:
responsible for feminine characteristics
facilitates reproduction

Question 40

Skeletal system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 40

Skeletal system:
Structures:
bones, tendons, ligament & cartilage

Functions:
supports & protects body parts
provides leverage for body movements
stores minerals

Question 41

Male reproductive system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 41

Male reproductive system:
Structures:
testes, sperm ducts, accessory glands, penis

Functions:
responsible for masculine characteristics
facilitates reproduction

Question 42

Integumentary system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 42

Integumentary system:
Structures:
skin, sweat glands, hair & nails

Functions:
covers external body surfaces
protects against injury/infection
helps regulate water content (prevents evaporation)
maintains body temperature (prevents heat-loss)

Question 43

Circulatory system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 43

Circulatory system:
Structures:
heart, blood vessels & blood

Functions:
distributes water, nutrients, oxygen, hormones & other substances via blood throughout the body
carries away CO2 (carbon dioxide) & other metabolic waste
helps stabilize internal temperature & pH

Question 44

Immune system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 44

Immune system:
Structures:
lymph nodes, lymph ducts, spleen (not shown), thymus (not shown), bone marrow (not shown) & white blood cells

Functions:
defends against pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes like bacteria & viruses
circulates interstitial fluids

Question 45

Respiratory system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 45

Respiratory system:
Structures:
lungs, diaphragm, trachea & airway structures

Functions:
exchanges gases with the environment – uptake of O2 (oxygen) & release of CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Question 46

Digestive system:
Structures?
Functions?

Answer 46

Digestive system:
Structures:
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, rectum & anus
Functions:
converts ingested foods into molecules/ions that can be absorbed into the body
eliminates undigested food stuffs
regulates water content

Question 47

What is the regulation of the internal environment to maintain stable conditions is called?

Answer 47

Homeostasis

Question 48

What is homeostasis

Answer 48

definition: regulation of the internal environment to maintain stable conditions

Question 49

What factors does does homeostasis control?

Answer 49

factors maintained include: nutrients; oxygen; carbon dioxide; waste; H2O; salt; pH;
volume/pressure of plasma; & temperature

Question 50

Factors under homeostatic control are said to be in a ____ ____ ____?

Answer 50

dynamic steady state

Question 51

What is negative feedback?
Example?

Answer 51

a change in a factor triggers a response to oppose the change & restore the factor to normal by moving the factor in the opposite direction of its initial change

Eg., during hypothermia, the body conserves heat via vasoconstriction of the periphery &
shivers

Question 52

What is positive feedback?
Example?

Answer 52

intensify or add to the change

Eg., blood clotting; pregnancy contractions

Question 53

What is the basic negative feedback pathway?

Answer 53

Basic negative feedback pathway: stimulus–> sensor –> integrator –> effector(s) –>
compensatory response –> environmental condition returned to set point

Question 54

What is ECF?
Function?
What comprises it?

Answer 54

The extracelluar fluid (ECF) plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis
ECF = plasma + interstitial fluid

Question 55

Plasma?

Answer 55

the fluid portion of blood

Question 56

Interstitial fluid?

Answer 56

the fluid that surrounds the cell

Question 57

What is the 60-40-20 rule?

Answer 57

The 60-40-20 rule:

about 60% of the body is liquid

40% of the body weight is liquid within the intracellular compartment

20% of the body weight is liquid within the extracellular compartment