Chapter 3.6 Response To Change In Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do plants need to respond to the environment?

A
  • prevent water loss
  • reproduce
  • increase chance of survival
  • maximise photosynthesis
    -reduce damage
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2
Q

Types of stimuli that a plant can respond to

A

Plants respond to; light, gravity and water to avoid abiotic stress
Also respond to predication by producing chemical toxins

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3
Q

How do plants respond to change in stimulus?

A

Plants change orientation of roots/leaves/stems to favourable conditions
By producing growth factors called tropism from growing regions to other tissues, where they regulate growth in response to stimuli

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4
Q

How do plants respond to light
+ what is it called

A

Stems respond to light by moving towards it = positive phototropism
Roots respond to light by moving away from= negative phototropism

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5
Q

How do plants respond to gravity
+what is it called

A

Stems respond by moving upwards = negative geotropism
Roots respond by moving downwards = positive geotropism

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6
Q

What is the growth factor produced by plant in response

A

Auxin (IAA) is the plant hormone which acts as growth factor

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7
Q

Describe the process of IAA synthesis and movement into shoot in plant response

A

1) IAA is synthesised in cells in shot tip (as stimuli detected by specific receptor proteins)
2) IAA diffuses down shoot equally on all sides

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8
Q

Describe the effect of different concentrations of IAA on cells in plants in response to light stimuli

A

3) light on 1 side causes IAA to be transported to shaded side
4) concentration of IAA increases on shaded side causing elongation of cells
5) IAA activates proteins in plasma membrane H+ ion breaks H bond between cellulose microfibrils = easier for cell wall to expand. Elastin enzymes in cell wall break bonds between cellulose microfibrils allowing cell walls to stretch
6) on shaded side, there is greater elongation of cells, causing the shoot to bend towards light

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9
Q

What type of response are taxes and kineses?

A

Simple innate responses that can maintain a Mobile organism in a favourable environment

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10
Q

Def of taxis response

A

Movement of whole organism in response to direction of a stimulus
E.g
Some move directly towards (positive taxis) or away (negative taxis) to stimulus

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11
Q

Def of kinesis response

A

Non-directional response in which rate of movement is related to the intensity of stimulus, not directional

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of kinesis response

A

Orthokinesis - change in rate of movement
Klinokinesis - change in the rate of turning

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13
Q

Outline the reflex arc

A

Stimuli, sensory receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector, response

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14
Q

Why are reflexes important

A

1- involuntary as do not require decision making (adv of simple organisms)
2- brain is not overloaded with situations in which response is always the same
3- some responses are still sent to brain and can be over ridden if needed

They protect body from handful stimuli ^survival
They are effective from birth so don’t have to be learned
They are fast, because the neurone pathway is short with very few synapses

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15
Q

2 parts of the nervous system

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PMS)
(Brain and spinal cord). (All other peripheral nerves originating from brain and spinal cord)

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16
Q

What are nerves

A

Nerves are organs - a group of neurones (tissue cells) as well as other tissues such as blood vessels and connective tissue

17
Q

Def of nerve impulse

A

A self-propagating wave of electrical disturbances which travels a long the surface of a neurone membrane

18
Q

What cells secrete myelin around axon

A

Myelin is secreted by Schwann Cells which surrounds the axon in a spiral structure

19
Q

How does myelin help axon
+ what is node of ranvier

A

It is an electrical insulator that prevents ions leaking out of axon and in a jointing cells
Node of ranvier = gaps between myelinated axon

20
Q

What is happening at resting potential

A

At resting potential = state of membrane when no impulse passed along it
Inside of axon is - ively charnged with respect to outside
There is a potential difference of -70mV
Membrane is said to be polarised

21
Q

How is resting potential established?

A

1) active transport of Na+ & K+ by Na/K pump
As 3 Na moved to 2K there is more + charge outside cell than inside

2) Facilitated diffusion of Na+ & K+ by channel protein molecules
Ions tend to diffuse back through channel proteins however membrane = more permeable to K+ so more K+ moves back out of axon than Na+ in

22
Q

What transport proteins do neurone membranes contain

A
  • sodium potassium pumps
  • voltage gated Na+ & K+ channels
    -carrier which allow facilitated diffusion of ions
  • at synapses there are also Ligond gated and Ca2+ gated channels
23
Q

How is an action potential generated

A

Axon membrane contains Na/K voltage gated channels
At resting potential channels = closed
When potential difference reaches threshold value (-50mV)
Voltage gated Na+ channels open = Na+ moves into axon
Potential difference +40mV membrane is depolarised

24
Q

How is depolarisation generated

A

Na+ voltage gated channels close at +30mV
K+ voltage gated channels open & K+ flow out of axon
Causing potential difference to be ^ negative
The Na/K pump begins again channels close resting potential restored
K+ channel remain open after repolarisation = more -time (hyperpolarised)

25
Q

Outline the change in charge produced by nerve cell in
Resting potential , threshold, depolarisation, repolarisation

A

Resting potential
-70mV
Threshold
-50 mV
Depolarisation
+40 mV
Repolarisation
-90mV

26
Q

What is refractory period

A

Period following action potential, the axon is not excitable

27
Q

Why is the refractory period important

A

Necessary as allows proteins on voltage sensitive ion channels to restore original polarity.
Advantage:
Nerve impulse flow in 1 direction
Action potential separated, with no overlap
> brain uses frequency of impulses to determine strength of stimulus
More frequent impulse = strong stimulus