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A Level Biology > Chapter 3.5 Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 3.5 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall process of respiration?

A

The overall process of respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to release energy.

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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3
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen.

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4
Q

What is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis?

A

The net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis is 2 ATP.

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5
Q

Which molecule is produced during the Krebs cycle that is used in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2 are produced during the Krebs cycle and used in the electron transport chain.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

The purpose of the electron transport chain is to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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7
Q

What is the final product of aerobic respiration?

A

The final products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

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8
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and is essential for the production of ATP.

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9
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

The electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation in anaerobic respiration?

A

The purpose of fermentation in anaerobic respiration is to regenerate NAD+ to continue glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.

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11
Q

What is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle?

A

The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is acetyl CoA.

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12
Q

What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?

A

The main function of the Krebs cycle is to generate high-energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) for the electron transport chain.

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13
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

A

ATP synthase is an enzyme that produces ATP by utilizing the energy released during the flow of protons through the enzyme.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the link reaction in cellular respiration?

A

The purpose of the link reaction is to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle.

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15
Q

What happens to the carbon atoms from glucose in cellular respiration?

A

The carbon atoms from glucose are released as carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.

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16
Q

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration, accepting electrons to form NADH.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used as substrates in respiration to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

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18
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less ATP.

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19
Q

What is the role of coenzymes in cellular respiration?

A

Coenzymes such as NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers in cellular respiration to transfer electrons to the electron transport chain.

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20
Q

What is the significance of the proton gradient in the electron transport chain?

A

The proton gradient in the electron transport chain is used to drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

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21
Q

What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

A

The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP for cellular energy.

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22
Q

What is the role of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?

A

The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, generates high-energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) for the electron transport chain.

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23
Q

What is the significance of the inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane is where the electron transport chain occurs, allowing for the generation of ATP.

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24
Q

What is the process of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP, forming ATP.

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25
Q

Why is it important to control metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic reactions require the release of energy often heat energy. Organisms need to not release too much energy at once because it would increase temp leading to denatured enzymes and damaged tissues. (Energy would also be wasted)

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26
Q

Why can we not use direct combustion to provide energy needs?

A

Direct combustion releases too much energy at once so intermediate sources of chemical energy, ATP must be made constantly and cycled to provide energy needed.

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27
Q

What are uses of ATP?

A

1) Anabolic processes
- formation of macromolecules : polysaccharides, protein synthesis, DNA replication
2) Movement
- muscle contractions, ciliary action, spindle movement
3) Active Transport
4) Secretion
5) Activation of chemicals
- making chemicals more reactive

28
Q

Outline NAD’s role in respiration

(With the reaction)

A

Works with Dehydrogenase enzymes catalysing removal of hydrogen.
Accepts H atoms = electron carrier

(2H —> 2H+. + e- )
(NAD+. + 2H+. + 2e- —> NADH + H+ )
NADH is called reduced NAD

29
Q

The 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
6 C glucose —> 2 x 3C pyruvate
2) Links Reaction
3C pyruvate —> 2C acetyl CoA
3) Kreb’s Cycle
2C acetyl CoA —> CO2
4) Electron Transport Chain
Most ATP made here

30
Q

The 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
6 C glucose —> 2 x 3C pyruvate
2) Links Reaction
3C pyruvate —> 2C acetyl CoA
3) Kreb’s Cycle
2C acetyl CoA —> CO2
4) Electron Transport Chain
Most ATP made here

31
Q

What is the process of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated which ⬆️ Reactivity
(This process requires energy from ATP)
Glucose then split into 2 triose phosphate
These 2 triose phosphate lose phosphate groups to ADP making ATP
Triose is oxidised losing H atom to Co-enzyme NAD
This produced pyruvate (2x 3 carbon)

32
Q

Net products of glycolysis

A

2 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD)
2 pyruvate
2 ATP (4 are produced by 2 are used)

33
Q

Why does glucose get phosphorylated in glycolysis

A

To increase its reactivity - allowing it to be split into 2 triose phosphate molecules (TP)

34
Q

What happens to TP in glycolysis

A

It loses a phosphate group to reform ATP from ADP
Then it loses H atoms to produce reduced NAD
To produce pyruvate

35
Q

What happens during the link reaction
(Aerobic respiration)

A

If Oxygen is available pyruvate enters the matrix
Each pyruvate is decarboxylate (loses C atoms as CO2)
2 carbon fragments = acetyl group
Acetyl groups picked up by Co enzyme A, oxidised by NAD

36
Q

What is the reaction of the link reaction

A

2C + CoA + NAD^+. —-> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H^+

37
Q

What product from the link reaction enters the kerb cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

38
Q

What are the net produces of link reaction per glucose
(Remember glucose is split into 2 pyruvate in glycolysis )

A

2 CO2 + 2 Acetyl Co A + 2 reduced NAD (NADH+ + H+)

39
Q

What happens in the Kreb cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA (from link reaction) combines with 4C compound
Forms a 6C compound
6C compound undergoes a series of reactions
Loosing 2C to regenerate the 4C compound. (These C atoms are loses as CO2)
6C compound oxidised by removing H atoms
H atoms pass to Hydrogen acceptor molecules 3 reduced NAD & 1 reduced FAD
1 ATP molecule synthesised

40
Q

Draw the kreb cycle

A

See notes

41
Q

What is produced during the Kreb cycle
+ per glucose molecule

A

1 ATP, 3 reduced NAD, 1 FAD

Per glucose 2 ATP, 6 reduced NAD, 2 FAD

42
Q

What processes occur in the electron transport chain?

A

Chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

Def of chemiosmosis

A

The flow of charged molecules (e.g H+) down electrical gradient/ concentration gradient across semi permeable membrane

44
Q

What does the electron transport chain require

A

Oxygen
- to accept the e- and H+ at the end which forms H2O

Reduced NAD & FAD
- which act as hydrogen carriers

Electron carriers
- act as proton pumps in membrane

Also requires ATP synthase enzymes which are embedded into the inner membrane of matrix (Cristae)

45
Q

Describe how ATP is produced in the final stage of aerobic respiration (electron transport chain)?
8 marks

A

1)H+ and e- carried to the electron transport chain (ETC) by NADH & FADH
2) high energy e- are passed to electron carrier molecules
3) energy released as e- passed along ETC
4) energy used to pump H+ from matrix to inter membrane space
5) this produces an electrochemical (concentration) gradient of H+ across the membrane
6) oxygen combines with 2e- + 2H+ to form H2O - (oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor)
7) H+ moves down electrochemical gradient into matrix, through ATP synthase
(8. Via chemiosmosis)
8) this provides energy for ADP + Pi -> ATP oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

What is the process of anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

Anaerobic respiration in humans is the process where glucose is broken down into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.

47
Q

True or False: Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

A

False. Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.

48
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

The end product of anaerobic respiration in yeast is ethanol and carbon dioxide.

49
Q

Fill in the blank: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the _______ of oxygen.

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

50
Q

What is the main advantage of anaerobic respiration?

A

The main advantage of anaerobic respiration is that it allows organisms to generate ATP without the need for oxygen.

51
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

The two types of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

52
Q

In which organelle does anaerobic respiration take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

53
Q

What is the waste product of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

The waste product of anaerobic respiration in animals is lactic acid.

54
Q

What is the overall ATP yield of anaerobic respiration?

A

The overall ATP yield of anaerobic respiration is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

55
Q

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in that it does not require oxygen and produces less ATP.

56
Q

How is aerobic and anaerobic respiration the same?

A

They both begin with glucose in the cytoplasm
They both start with Glycolysis in the cytoplasm where pyruvate is produced

57
Q

During glycolysis 2 reduced NAD are formed
How are these used in anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanal produced by the decarboxylation of pyruvate gets reduced by NADH which allows the NAD to be recycled to continue the anaerobic cycle

58
Q

Process of anaerobic respiration in muscles
+how is it different to yeast?

A

1) glycolysis as normal which produced 2 pyruvate & 2 NADH

2) pyruvate is reduced to lactate (3 carbon)
+ overall different as no decarboxylation = no CO2 produced

59
Q

What happens in muscles after exercies (anaerobic respiration)

A

After exercise lactate is oxidised in liver to pyruvate then respired aerobically to CO2 and H2O through aerobic respiration

60
Q

Advantages of simple respirometer

A

+ simple to set up
+ minimal connections = more air tight which is needed for gas measure to to be accurate

61
Q

Problems/ limitations of simple respirometer

A
  • we use capillary tube to measure gas but any change in pressure or temp effects reading
  • chemicals used might affect gaseous composition
  • difficult tot restart without taking apart
  • volume changes calculated using diameter of tube = less accurate
62
Q

Advantages of more complex respirometer

A

+ can be reset by pulling syringe
+ dye moves is our data so more accurate readings
+ tube on the right acts as a control so any changes due to pressure of temp effects are removed

63
Q

What other substrates used for aerobic respiration

A

Proteins
Fats

64
Q

How are protein prepared and used in aerobic respiration

A

Proteins are hydrolysed into amino acids
The carbon backbone either
1- enters the glycolysis
2- enters the kerb cycle

65
Q

How are fats prepared and used in aerobic respiration

A

Fats are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerols are turned to triose sugar
Then phosphorylated to triose phosphate where it enters glycolysis

Fatty acids are oxidised to acetyl CoA where they then enter the kerb cycle

A Level Biology (11 decks)

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