Chapter 35: plant structure, growth, and development Flashcards
Gametophyte
Phase where the sporophyte is produced, usually haploid
Sporophyte
Asexual diploid phase in plants, dominates the life cycle in vascular plants
Vascular plants
Have phloem and xylem
Tissue
The thing that makes up organs, but is larger than just one cell
Organ
Made up of a bunch of tissues for one specific purpose
Epidermis
Outer layer of the plant in a non-woody plant
Cuticle
Waxy layer outside of the plant
Periderm
replaces the epidermis, thicker layer, wood
Stele
All of the vascular tissue on a plant
Apical meristem
Cells which form a node at the top of the terminal bud, give rise to the repetition of the nodes (responsible for primary growth)
Lateral meristem
Increases thickness of the plant (responsible for secondary growth)
Sieve tube
Thin tube which makes up the phloem
Companion cell
Supports the sieve tube by carrying out metabolism
Tracheid
Cells which make up the xylem, lack perforations in the cell wall
Vessel element
The building blocks of xylem
What is meant by the term “alternation of generations”?
It basically means that plants alternate between their gametophyte and sporophyte “generations” throughout their life
What is an angiosperm?
A flowering plant
What is a root? What is the difference between a tap root and a fibrous root system?
A root is the plant organ which plants use to actually gather their nutrients, tap roots have one larger main root with several smaller roots coming from it, where as a fibrous root system is one where all the roots are similar in girth and make one fibrous mass
What is the function of root hairs?
Extend the surface that the roots can gather nutrients from
What is an apical bud? axillary bud?
Apical bud: a bud at the point of the plant, which sends our signals to stop secondary growth and increase primary growth
Axillary bud: The buds which can form branches
What is meant by the term “apical dominance”?
It means that the apical bud is sending signals to stop secondary growth the plant, which means it won’t grow as full
Distinguish among simple, compound, and doubly compound leaves.
Simple: One blade
Compound: A single leaf is made up of multiple leaflets, we know this because of where the axillary bud is, each leaflet does not have its own axillary bud
Doubly compound: Each leaflet is made up of their own set of leaflets
What are the three tissue types that comprise a plant?
Dermis: Plants outer protective covering
Vascular: phloem and xylem
Ground system tissue: The tissue which comprises the rest of the plant
What is the function of xylem? phloem? What are the different cell types that comprise xylem and phloem? How are xylem and phloem similar? How do they differ?
Xylem: Moves water and minerals which have been dissolved in the water, and moves it to the top of the plant
Cell types: Water-conducting cells
Phloem: Takes sugars to the roots and places in the plant that are growing
Cell types: Sugar-conducting cells
They both move nutrients throughout the plant
What are the three zones of cells in which root growth occurs? Which zone is primarily responsible for pushing the root tip through the soil?
Zone of cell division: where the cells are created the fastest,
Zone of elongation: where most of the length is added to the plant, the cells gain size
Zone of differentiation: where the cells get their individual jobs
The zone of elongation is responsible for pushing the root tip through the soil
What are the functions of the root cap?
The root cap protects the meristem
What is the function of the stomata on a leaf?
Opens to allows for photosynthesis, or closes to stop water from leaking out
What is secondary growth and what tissue(s) is (are) responsible for its production?
Secondary growth is when the plants increases in girth, produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium
Explain how the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in a plant wall can control the direction of cell expansion.
If the microfibrils are placed horizontally on a plant, then the plant will grow taller because it is blocked horizontally by the microfibrils, and vice versa.
How does the ABC model of flower formation explain the formation of the four types of floral organs?
A genes create: Sepals (the green part outside the flower)
AB genes create: Petals
BC genes create: Stamens
C genes create: Carpels
Be able to account for the floral organ patterns that arise as a consequence of mutations in the floral identity genes.
Lack of A gene: Carpel-stamen-stamen-carpel
Lack of B gene: Sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
Lack of C gene: Sepal-petal-petal-sepal
