Chapter 35, Cont. & Change

Question 1

S Changes

Answer 1

• Great Depression caused acute physical and social problems of those at the bottom of the economic ladder magnified social division and class hatreds in US
• US gov’t enacted policies to reduce female employment; notion that woman’s place was in the home was widespread
• Nazis initiated systematic measures to suppress Germany’s Jewish Population; flood of discriminatory laws and directives designed to humiliate, impoverish, and segregate jEws from the rest of society followed (official goal was Jewish emigration)
• fewer Germans were willing to defend a parliamentary system they considered ineffective and corruption

Question 2

P Changes

Answer 2

• poorly organized and w/o widespread support, the Whites were defeated by the Red Army in 1920; the political system that emerged from the civil war bore imprint of political oppression
• establishment of the world’s first dictatorship of the proletariat challenged the values and institutions of liberal society everywhere & demonstrated that viability of communism as a social and political system
• Mussolini inaugurated a fascist regime as prime minister in 1922 in Rome
• Italy fascists consolidated power through series of laws that provided legal basis for the nation’s transformation into a one-party dictatorship
• fascist Italy and Nazi Germany formalized political, military and ideological alliance by signing a 10-yr Pact of Steel (strong links)
• Hitler became chancellorship and used all available means to impose rule under guise of national emergency
• Nazis initiated systematic measures to suppress Germany’s Jewish Population; flood of discriminatory laws and directives designed to humiliate, impoverish, and segregate jEws from the rest of society followed (official goal was Jewish emigration)
• fundamental premise that fed gov’t was justified in intervening to protect S & E welfare of the people represented major shift in US gov’t policy => trend of social reform legislature

Question 3

I Changes

Answer 3

• alarmed by declining birthrates, Nazis launched campaign to increase births of “racially valuable” children
• depressed state of agriculture in the US, “Dust Bowl” appeared from over-farming corn in Mid-West

Question 4

C Changes

Answer 4

• postwar writers and theologians lamented the decline of Western society + Augustinian, Lutheran, Calvinist message of original sin refused to be accepted
• destroyed belief in universality of human progress, democracy (woman suffrage)
• commonsense universe vanished to be replaced where one’s view of the universe was relative
• Heisenberg’s theory called into question established notions of truth and violated the fundamental concept of cause and effect
• psychology challenged established concepts of morality and values
• painters began to think of canvas as a method to create, not mirror, reality; acknowledged to have a right to their own reality, good/bad art disappeared
• Great Depression caused enormous personal suffering
• Italy & Germany: fascism attracted millions of followers and proved esp. attractive to middle classes & rural populations

Question 5

E Changes

Answer 5

• world plunged into an economic depression (Great Depression); old capitalist system of trade and finance collapsed replaced by a new system
• U.S. lenders and investors withdrew capital from Europe, placing an intolerable strain on the financial system + industrial processes reduced demand for raw materials + depressed state of agriculture => Great Depression
• international cooperation broke down, gov’t turned to own resources and practiced economic nationalism
• massive military spending during WWII did more to end the Great Depression in US than New Deal/similar approaches

Question 6

P Cont

Answer 6

• socialist victory of Lenin and his fellow Bolsheviks did not bring peace and stability to the lands of the former Russian power
• fascism remained basically a European phenomenon of the era between the two world wars
• Russia teetered on the edge of economic collapse and was behind in industrial power

Question 7

I Cont

Answer 7

-efforts by the Nazis to increase the fecundity of German women failed and birth rate remained below replacement level