Chapter 31, Cont. & Change Flashcards
Social Continuities
Latin America:
- social instability, dominant creole elites prevented mass political participation
- colonial times -> independence, elites (merchants and landholders) retained control over local economies with private profits from European trade and investment
- elites profited handsomely, little incentive for different economic policies/diversification
- male domination, machismo, was integral in society
- hierarchical distinctions of ethnicity and color (b/c of heritage of Spanish & Portuguese colonialism and legacy of slavery, inclined)
- distinctions persisted after independence, limiting the opportunities available to peoples of indigenous, African or mixed ancestry despite end of legal recognition
- standard for living for average Mexicans declining (low wages, long hours, foreign managers)
United States:
- experienced social tension and conflict with members of various constituencies who wanted a voice in society
- social tension swirled around natives, slaves and descendants, women and migrants
- natives pushed onto reservations
- violence against blacks who faced intimidation when voting
- women withheld from meaningful economic and political opportunities
- migrants & families concentrated onto districts
- S states’ segregation deprived African-American population of educational, economic and political opportunities
Canada:
- conflict between communities of British and French settlers was the biggest source of ethnic tension
- communities descended from British and French settlers dominated Canadian society
Political Continuities
United States:
- W Expansion brought settlers and gov’t forces in conflict with natives who resisted being pushed off ancestral/hunting grounds
- weapons aided forces breaking native resistance and allowing for conquest
- after civil war, ensured political unity and increases authority of republic
- big business prevailed in worker disputes
Canada:
- internal conflict of French v. British in Canada
- Canada remained politically united
- conflicts with natives who resisted encroachment on their grounds
Latin America:
- political instability in Latin America, political divisions in Mexico
- agreement on policy of conquering natives for agriculture/ranching by creole elites
- liberal rebellions with civil war: better living and working conditions, land reforms
Interactive Continuities
Intrusion into natural environment represented by railroad engine smoke.
Continuing migration of Europeans to Latin Americas, Canada and United States.
Cultural Continuities
United States:
- oppositions to American industrialization
- government and private citizens acted to undermine/destroy bases of native cultural traditions
- cultural tension swirled around natives, slaves and descendants, women and migrants
Latin America:
- large migrations brought cultural diversity
- migrants assimilated into working classes by intermarrying without much foreign influence
Canada:
-NW Rebellion foreshadowed long term of cultural conflict between ethnic groups (British, French, indigenous ancestry)
Economical Continuities
United States:
- foreign investment capital effective in business as the reunited land recovered from Civil War
- Civil War determined wage labor > slavery
- entrepreneurs tapped into American resources to build a continental economy
- railroads influential in economic development
1. cheap transportation for agriculture products, manufactured goods, individual travelers
2. spurred development of other industries - US was on a continuous progress and prosperity road
Canada:
- British investment capital influenced Canada & US economy development
- ability to control/direct economic affairs crucial to limiting dependence on British capital in Canada & US
Latin America:
- states did not undergo industrialization/enjoy economic development
- colonial times -> independence, elites (merchants and landholders) retained control over local economies with private profits from European trade and investment
- -elites profited handsomely, little incentive for different economic policies/diversification
Social Changes
Latin America:
- division/discord in newly independent states helped caudillos gain power
- rise of metis, past echos of gauchos
US:
- black and white citizens in S states elected first biracial gov’t in American history
- Reconstruction extended civil rights to freed slaves participated actively in political affairs of the republic (voting)
- 1820, most property qualifications disappeared; almost all white men eligible to participate in public political affairs
Political Changes
US:
- purchase of Louisiana Territory = doubled in size
- W expansion generated tension between US & Mexico
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo allowed for “purchase” of Mexico
- US emerged as one of the world’s major industrial powers
Latin America:
- Mexico: succession of gov’t, monarchy -> republic -> caudillo rule
- constitution had important long-term guarantees (.edu, suffrage, wages and working hours)
Asia:
- China opened to foreign influences after British gunboats
- Qing gov’t approved migration of foreigners to seek indentured laborers
- Japan emerged as one of the world’s major industrial powers
- US ordered a halt to migration from China in 1882 and Japan in 1908
Interactive Changes
US:
- railroads altered landscape (land control & development, transportation of migrants & settlers westward, exploiting natural resources)
- railroads caused massive land clearing and extension of farming and mining lands
- environmental damage through erosion and pollution
- human suffering for natives of N America
- 1850-1875, buffalo herds reduced to mere thousand from 15 million
Cultural Changes
-migrants found similar comforts (diffusion of foods, cultural traditions, religious beliefs) globally
US:
- ”railroad time” > local sun time, legally established 4 time zones as official framework of time
- attempted to sever native American’s ties to their communal traditions and cultural practices (Dawes Severalty Act of 1887)
Economical Changes
US:
-California gold rush of 1849 drew prospectors hoping to make quick fortune
-migration to factories, railroad construction sites, and plantations of Americas
-migrants increases profitability and fueled expansion of US industry (labor)
-European migrants dominated US northeast textile industries
-rapidly expanding economy
investors designed new market products
strong customer demand fueled industrialization
Latin America:
- migrants worked on agricultural plantations
- foreign investment integral in economy but control over industries and exports remained in foreign hands
- decisions subject to interests of foreign investors, unstable gov’t could do little in face of strong foreign intervention
Canada:
- Canadian gold lured prospectors & migrants
- US & Canada economies needed foreign investment
Fancy Terms
Indian Removal Act: move all native Americans west
battle of Little Big Horn: Lakota Sioux won
Wounded Knee: emblematic of harsh US treatment
Missouri Compromise: maintain balance between slave/free states
Durham Report: permitting autonomous provinces
British N America Act: Dominion of Canada
Juan Manuel de Rosas -> Buenos Aires
Fatt Hing Chin’s restaurant in San Fran’s Chinatown
Pennsylvania Railroad; size of business called for unprecedented organization and coordination
Nationaly Policy, Canadian Pacific Railroad
Mexico City: transformation (paved streets, streetcar lines, and electric street lights)
Buffalo Bill Cody: effective buffalo extermination
Dawes Severalty Act: shifted land policy
Carlisle Indian/Toledo Indian school
Trinidad and Tobago, distinctive community
Argentine president Sarmiento: despised caudillos, Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism (discipline)
Poet Jose Hernandez: vision of gaucho life, The Gaucho Martin Fierro
“To Be Born a Man”, Bolivian poet Adela Zamudio (vote)
