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Biology Semester 2 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is the human body organized?

A

cells,
tissues,
organs,
organ systems.

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2
Q

Specialized cells

A

Cells suited to perform a particular function.

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3
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that perform a single function is called a tissue.

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4
Q

List the four basic types of tissue in the human body

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces.

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6
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports the body and connects its parts.

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7
Q

Nervous tissue

A

transmits nerve impulses through the body.

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8
Q

Muscle tissue

A

along with bones, enables the body to move.

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9
Q

Organs

A

A group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single function is called an organ.

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10
Q

Organ Systems

A

A group of organs that perform closely related functions is an organ system.

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11
Q

How many organ systems are in the body

A

There are eleven organ systems in the body

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12
Q

Nervous System

A

Structures: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Function: controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

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13
Q

Feedback inhibition, or negative feedback

A

the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.

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14
Q

True or false: Maintenance of homeostasis requires the integration of all organ systems at all times.

A

True. One example is the maintenance of a stable body temperature.

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15
Q

hypothalamus

A

monitors the temperature of the skin and the temperature of organs.

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments.

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17
Q

neurons

A

The cells that transmit impulses.

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18
Q

How are Neurons classified?

A

Neurons are classified according to the direction in which an impulse travels.

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19
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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21
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them.

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22
Q

cell body

A

The largest part of a typical neuron. It contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm.

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

extend from the cell body and carry impulses from the environment toward the cell body.

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24
Q

axon

A

the long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body.

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25
Q

What does the axon end in?

A

The axon ends in axon terminals.

26
Q

myelin sheath.

A

The axon is sometimes surrounded by an insulating membrane

27
Q

nodes

A

There are gaps in the myelin sheath where the membrane is exposed. Impulses jump from one node to the next.

28
Q

The Resting Neuron

A

When resting, the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge.
The inside of the neuron has a net negative charge.

29
Q

True or flase The sodium-potassium pump in the nerve cell membrane pumps POTASSIUM (K+) ions out of the cell and SODIUM (Na+) ions into the cell by means of active transport.

A

False: The sodium-potassium pump in the nerve cell membrane pumps SODIUM (Na+) ions out of the cell and POTASSIUM (K+) ions into the cell by means of active transport.

30
Q

resting potential

A

The electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron at rest

31
Q

The Moving Impulse

A

An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment.

32
Q

action potential

A

At the leading edge of the impulse, gates in the sodium channels open allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow inside the cell membrane. The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential

33
Q

threshold.

A

The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron

34
Q

synapse

A

The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell

35
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

36
Q

central nervous system

A

relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information.

37
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system

38
Q

cerebrum

A

The largest and most prominent region of the human brain.It controls the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body.
It is the site of intelligence, learning, and judgment

39
Q

corpus callosum

A

A deep groove divides the cerebrum into hemispheres, which are connected by a band of tissue called the corpus callosum.

40
Q

cerebellum

A

The second largest region of the brain.It coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently

41
Q

brain stem

A

connects the brain and spinal cord.
It has two regions: the pons and the medulla oblongata. Each region regulates information flow between the brain and the rest of the body.

42
Q

reflex

A

a quick, automatic response to a stimulus.

43
Q

thalamus

A

receives messages from all sensory receptors throughout the body and relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing.

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature.

45
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all of the nerves and associated cells that are not part of the brain and the spinal cord.

46
Q

somatic nervous system

A

regulates activities that are under conscious control,

47
Q

reflex arc

A

includes a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effector that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus

48
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary activities.

49
Q

List the five general categories of sensory receptors

A 
pain receptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
50
Q

retina

A

inner layer of eye that contains photoreceptors.

51
Q

Where does Light enter in the eye?

A

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a tough transparent layer of cells.

52
Q

What helps focus light in the eye?

A

The cornea helps focus light, which then passes through a chamber filled with a fluid called aqueous humor.

53
Q

Rods

A

sensitive to light, but not color

54
Q

Cones

A

respond to light of different colors, producing color vision.

55
Q

What is the sense of smell?

A

The sense of smell is actually an ability to detect chemicals.

56
Q

Touch and Related Senses

A

The skin’s sensory receptors respond to temperature, touch, and pain. Not all parts of the body are equally sensitive to touch, because not all parts have the same number of receptors.
The greatest density of sensory receptors is found on your fingers, toes, and face

57
Q

Stimulants

A

Stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. In addition, stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain.

58
Q

Depressants

A

Depressants slow down heart rate and breathing rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension.

59
Q

Cocaine

A

Cocaine causes the sudden release in the brain of a neurotransmitter called dopamine

60
Q

Opiates

A

Opiates mimic endorphins which normally help to overcome sensations of pain

61
Q

Alcohol

A

Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the rate at which the central nervous system functions.

Biology Semester 2 (6 decks)

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