Chapter 11

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

Scientific study of heredity

Question 2

What does fertilization do?

Answer 2

Produces a new cell

Question 3

What is self pollination?

Answer 3

When sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cell in the same flower.

Question 4

True-breeding

Answer 4

If allowed to self-pollinate, would produce offspring identical to themselves

Question 5

Cross-pollination

Answer 5

The transfer of pollen from a flower of one plant to a flower of another plant.

Question 6

Trait

Answer 6

A specific characteristic

Question 7

What is the parental generation called?

Answer 7

P

Question 8

What are the offspring called?

Answer 8

F1

Question 9

Hybrids

Answer 9

The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.

Question 10

Genes

Answer 10

The factor that determine traits

Question 11

Alleles

Answer 11

The different forms of a gene.

Question 12

What does the principle of dominance state?

Answer 12

It states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.

Question 13

True or False:

An organism with a dominant allele for a trait will never exhibit that form of the trait.

Answer 13

False

It will always exhibit that form of trait.

Question 14

True or False:
An organism with the recessive allele for a trait will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele for that trait is not present.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Gametes

Answer 15

Sex cells.

Question 16

Probability

Answer 16

The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

Question 17

What does a capital letter represent in a Punnet Square?

Answer 17

The dominant allele.

Question 18

What does a lowercase letter represent in a Punnet Square?

Answer 18

The recessive allele.

Question 19

Where are the gametes of a F1 parent is shown on a Punnet Square?

Answer 19

They are shown along the top and left side.

Question 20

What appears in the boxes of a Punnet Square?

Answer 20

Possible gene combinations for the F2 offspring

Question 21

Homozygous

Answer 21

Two identical alleles for a particular trait.

Question 22

Heterozygous

Answer 22

Two different alleles for the same trait.

Question 23

Phenotype

Answer 23

Physical characteristics.

ex tall, green

Question 24

Genotype

Answer 24

Genetic makeup.

ex TT and tt

Question 25

Independent assortment

Answer 25

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes.

Question 26

Incomplete dominance

Answer 26

When one allele is not completely dominant over another. | ex. A cross between a red and white flower produces a pink flower.

Question 27

Codominace

Answer 27

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. ex. A cross between a black feathered chicken and a white feather chicken produces a speckled chicken with both black and white feathers.

Question 28

Multiple alleles

Answer 28

Genes that are controlled by more than two alleles.

Question 29

Polygenic Traits

Answer 29

Traits controlled by two or more genes. | ex. Coat color in rabbits is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles

Question 30

Homologous

Answer 30

Chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent.`

Question 31

Diploid

Answer 31

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes.

Question 32

True or False: | The diploid cell is represented by N.

Answer 32

False | It's represented by 2N

Question 33

Haploid

Answer 33

A cell that contains only a single set of genes.

Question 34

What is a haploid cell represented by?

Answer 34

N

Question 35

What are the stages of Meiosis 1?

Answer 35

Prophase 1~Meaphase 1~Anaphase 1~Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis.

Question 36

What happens in Interphase 1?

Answer 36

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes.

Question 37

What happens in Prophase 1?

Answer 37

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

Question 38

Tetrad

Answer 38

A structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis.

Question 39

Crossing over.

Answer 39

The process of exchanging portions of a chromatid.

Question 40

What happens in Metaphase 1?

Answer 40

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and line up in the middle.

Question 41

What happens in Anaphase 1?

Answer 41

The fibers pull the homologous chromosome toward the opposite ends of the cell.

Question 42

What happens in Telophase 1 and Cytokiness?

Answer 42

Nuclear membranes form, cell separates into two cells, an the two cells produced in meiosis 1 have chromosome and alleles that are different from each other and from he diploid cell that entered meiosis 1

Question 43

What are the stages of Meiosis 2?

Answer 43

Prophase 2~Meaphase 2~Anaphase 2~Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis.

Question 44

How is Meiosis 2 different that Meiosis 1?

Answer 44

Meiosis 2 has no interphase, it is done with two cells, and it results in four haploid daughter cells.

Question 45

What's the difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?

Answer 45

Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.

Question 46

Cell cycle

Answer 46

The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

Question 47

Interphase

Answer 47

The period of growth that occurs between cell divisions.

Question 48

True or False: | Prophase is the longest phase of mitosis.

Answer 48

True.

Question 49

Mitosis

Answer 49

Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides.

Question 50

Meiosis

Answer 50

Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid.