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biology 212 > Chapter 34 - Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 34 - Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

1) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as:

A) the digestive system's opening.
B) suspension-feeding devices.
C) components of the jaw.
D) gill slits for respiration.
E) portions of the inner ear.
A

B) suspension-feeding devices.

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2
Q

Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?

A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates.
B) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago.
C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates.
D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.
E) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.

A

D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.

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3
Q

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

A) lancelets
B) adult tunicates
C) amphibians
D) reptiles
E) chondrichthyans
A

A) lancelets

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4
Q

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

A) legs
B) no jaws
C) an amniotic egg
D) endothermy

A

B) no jaws

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5
Q

How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct?

  1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates.
  2. Craniates’ genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors.
  3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade.
  4. Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates.
  5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.
A) one of these
B) two of these
C) three of these
D) four of these
E) five of these
A

D) four of these

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6
Q

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

A) brain
B) vertebrae
C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord
D) partial or complete skull
E) bone
A

D) partial or complete skull

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7
Q

Lampreys differ from hagfishes in:

A) lacking jaws.
B) having a cranium.
C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits.
D) having a notochord throughout life.
E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

A

E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

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8
Q

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

A) reproduction
B) feeding
C) locomotion
D) defense
E) respiration
A

B) feeding

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9
Q

A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison’s effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets.
B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.
C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles.
D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.
E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

A

D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.

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10
Q

The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of

A) chondrichthyans.
B) actinopterygians.
C) lungfishes.
D) coelacanths.
E) hagfishes.
A

B) actinopterygians.

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11
Q

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

A) lampreys
B) chondrichthyans
C) ray-finned fishes
D) lungfishes
E) placoderms
A

B) chondrichthyans

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12
Q

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

A) a mineralized, bony skeleton
B) opercula
C) bony fin rays
D) a spiral valve intestine
E) a swim bladder
A

A) a mineralized, bony skeleton

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13
Q

To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense?

A) osteichthyan scales
B) reptilian scales
C) mammalian scales
D) bird scales
E) chondrichthyan teeth
A

E) chondrichthyan teeth

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14
Q

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes?

A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales.
B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary.
C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.
D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.
E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.

A

D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.

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15
Q

Which group’s members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

A) sharks, skates, and rays
B) lungfishes
C) lancelets
D) amphibians
E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
A

B) lungfishes

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16
Q

There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved

A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans.
B) directly from lampreys and hagfish.
C) early in the Cambrian period.
D) directly from lancelets.
E) the swim bladder from a lung.
A

E) the swim bladder from a lung.

17
Q

The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes

A) was probably modified from simple lungs of chondrichthyans.
B) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes.
C) first appeared in sharks.
D) provides for regulation of buoyancy.
E) Two of the options listed are correct.

A

D) provides for regulation of buoyancy

18
Q

Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?

A) chondrichthyans
B) ray-finned fishes
C) lampreys
D) hagfishes
E) tetrapods
A

E) tetrapods

19
Q

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).

  1. lobe-fins
  2. amphibians
  3. gnathostomes
  4. osteichthyans
  5. tetrapods
A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
A

D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2

20
Q

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

A) the appearance of jaws.
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae.
C) feet with digits.
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton.
E) the amniotic egg.
A

C) feet with digits.

21
Q

What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?

A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization.
B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs.
C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.
D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time.
E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws.

A

C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

22
Q

Which of these are amniotes?

A) amphibians
B) fishes
C) egg-laying mammals
D) placental mammals
E) More than one of these is correct.
A

E) More than one of these is correct.

23
Q

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange.
B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
C) It prolongs embryonic development.
D) It provides insulation to conserve heat.
E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

A

B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

24
Q

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

A) the shelled, amniotic egg
B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
C) two pairs of appendages
D) bony scales
E) a four-chambered heart
A

A) the shelled, amniotic egg

25
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals?

A) ectothermy
B) diaphragm
C) shelled eggs
D) keratinized skin
E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size
A

D) keratinized skin

26
Q

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

A) lizards
B) crocodiles
C) snakes
D) birds
E) tuataras
A

D) birds

27
Q

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose?

  1. amniotic egg
  2. paired fins
  3. jaws
  4. swim bladder
  5. four-chambered heart
A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
A

A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

28
Q

Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in:

A) birds.
B) monotremes.
C) marsupials.
D) placentals.
E) Three of the options listed are correct.
A

E) Three of the options listed are correct.

29
Q

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.
B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm.
C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta.
D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.
E) Examine the teeth.

A

E) Examine the teeth.

30
Q

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones.
B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones.
C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw.
D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos.
E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles.

A

D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos.

31
Q

Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which “strategy” seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

A) lay shelled eggs
B) limit litters to a single embryo
C) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about 6 weeks long)
D) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats
E) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas

A

B) limit litters to a single embryo

32
Q

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals
B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles
C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles
D) reptiles and mammals
E) reptiles and amphibians

A

D) reptiles and mammals

33
Q

Match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions:
Their scales most closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin.

A) amphibians
B) nonbird reptiles
C) chondrichthyans
D) mammals
E) osteichthyans
A

C) chondrichthyans

34
Q

Match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions:
Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of

A) amphibians.
B) nonbird reptiles.
C) chondrichthyans.
D) mammals.
E) birds.
A

B) nonbird reptiles.

35
Q

Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

A) ray-finned fishes
B) birds
C) amphibians
D) nonbird reptiles
E) mammals
A

A) ray-finned fishes

36
Q

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates?

A) endothermy
B) feathers
C) an amniotic egg
D) flight
E) a four-chambered heart
A

B) feathers

37
Q

At least one of these has been found in all species of eumetazoan animals studied thus far.

A) Hox
B) Dlx
C) Otx
D) FOXP2
E) more than one of these
A

A) Hox

38
Q

Which of the following is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous systems and vertebrae?

A) Hox
B) Dlx
C) Otx
D) FOXP2
E) more than one of these
A

B) Dlx

biology 212 (7 decks)

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