Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II

Question 1

Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other?

A) ferns	
B) mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
C) charophytes
D) angiosperms
E) gymnosperms

Answer 1

A) ferns

Question 2

All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms except

A) haploid nuclei.
B) mitochondria.
C) cell walls.
D) chloroplasts.
E) peroxisomes.

Answer 2

D) chloroplasts.

Question 3

The seed coat’s most important function is to provide:

A) a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium.
B) the means for dispersal.
C) dormancy.
D) a nutrient supply for the embryo.
E) desiccation resistance.

Answer 3

E) desiccation resistance.

Question 4

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?
A) sporopollenin
B) lignin present in cell walls
C) pollen
D) use of air currents as a dispersal agent
E) megaphylls

Answer 4

C) pollen

Question 5

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.

1. cells of sporangium
2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root
3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
4. cells of a gametophyte

A) 3, 4, 1, 2
B) 3, 4, 2, 1
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 2, 1, 4
E) 3, 1, 2, 4

Answer 5

C) 3, 1, 4, 2

Question 6

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.

1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

A) 1 → 2 → 3
B) 2 → 3 → 1
C) 2 → 1 → 3
D) 3 → 2 → 1
E) 3 → 1 → 2

Answer 6

E) 3 → 1 → 2

Question 7

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

A) sporophyll
B) male gametophyte
C) sporopollenin
D) stigma
E) sporangium

Answer 7

C) sporopollenin

Question 8

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a

A) moss sporophyte.
B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia.
C) fern sporophyte.
D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte.
E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

Answer 8

E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

Question 9

Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?

A) a different type of sporopollenin
B) an internal reservoir of liquid water
C) integument(s)
D) ability to be dispersed
E) waxy cuticle

Answer 9

C) integument(s)

Question 10

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

A) The pollen grains will be pure red.
B) The pollen grains will be pure blue.
C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.
D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors.
E) Insofar as the pollen grains are independent of the plant that produced them, they will not absorb either stain.

Answer 10

C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.

Question 11

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they

A) are woody.
B) have macrophylls.
C) have pollen.
D) have sporophylls.
E) have spores.

Answer 11

C) have pollen.

Question 12

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow

A) close to the ground.
B) in dense, single-species stands.
C) in relative isolation from other members of the same species.
D) along coastlines where prevailing winds blow from the land out to sea.
E) in well-drained soils.

Answer 12

B) in dense, single-species stands.

Question 13

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones.
C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes.
D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm.

Answer 13

A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants.
B) The pine tree is a gametophyte.
C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.
D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.

Answer 14

D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Question 15

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs?

1. sporophyte embryo
2. female gametophyte
3. egg cell
4. megaspore

A) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1
B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1
C) 4 → 1 → 2 → 3
D) 1 → 4 → 3 → 2
E) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3

Answer 15

B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1

Question 16

Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?

A) nonfertile flower parts
B) triploid endosperm
C) fruits
D) pollen
E) carpels

Answer 16

D) pollen

Question 17

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei

A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

Answer 17

A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Question 18

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?

1. pollen transported by wind
2. lignified xylem
3. microscopic gametophytes
4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators
5. endosperm

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1, 3, and 5
E) 2, 4, and 5

Answer 18

C) 1, 2, and 3

Question 19

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A) stigma
B) carpel
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) anthers

Answer 19

C) ovule

Question 20

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful?

A) endosperm
B) seeds
C) sperm that lack flagella
D) flowers
E) spores

Answer 20

E) spores

Question 21

What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales?

A) They are female reproductive parts.
B) None are capable of photosynthesis.
C) They are modified leaves.
D) They are found on flowers.
E) They are found on angiosperms.

Answer 21

C) They are modified leaves.

Question 22

Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, which pair of structures protects seed plants’ embryos and male gametophytes, respectively, from desiccation?

A) ovuleswaxy cuticle
B) ovariesfilaments
C) fruitsstamens
D) pollen grainswaxy cuticle
E) integumentssporopollenin

Answer 22

E) integumentssporopollenin

Question 23

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Answer 23

D) female sporophyte

Question 24

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Answer 24

A) male gametophyte

Question 25

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Answer 25

D) female sporophyte

Question 26

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?

A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte

Answer 26

D) female sporophyte

Question 27

Given the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms in the development of the integument(s), which of these statements is the most logical consequence?

A) The seed coats of angiosperms should be relatively thicker than those of gymnosperms.
B) It should be much more difficult for pollen tubes to enter angiosperm ovules than for them to enter gymnosperm ovules.
C) The female gametophytes of angiosperms should not be as well protected from environmental stress as should those of gymnosperms.
D) As a direct consequence of such differences, angiosperms should have fruit.
E) Angiosperm seeds should be more susceptible to desiccation.

Answer 27

A) The seed coats of angiosperms should be relatively thicker than those of gymnosperms.

Question 28

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

A) complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent
B) double internal fertilization
C) free-living gametophytes
D) carpels that contain microsporangia
E) ovules that are not contained within ovaries

Answer 28

B) double internal fertilization

Question 29

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

A) The flower includes sporophyte tissue.
B) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
C) The gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant.
D) The sporophyte generation is not photosynthetic.
E) The sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower.

Answer 29

A) The flower includes sporophyte tissue.

Question 30

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal’s mouth.
3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH’s.
4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals’ digestive enzymes.

A) 4 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 5
E) 3, 4, and 5

Answer 30

D) 3 and 5

Question 31

The seeds of orchids are among the smallest known, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule seed leaves. Consequently, what should one expect to be true of such seeds?

A) They require extensive periods of dormancy during which the embryo develops.
B) They are surrounded by brightly colored, sweet fruit.
C) They germinate very soon after being released from the ovary.
D) The developing embryo within is dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition.
E) The sporophytes that produce such seeds are wind-pollinated.

Answer 31

C) They germinate very soon after being released from the ovary.

Question 32

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?

A) immature ovules
B) pollen tubes
C) ovaries
D) stamens
E) sepals

Answer 32

B) pollen tubes

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of monocots?

A) They are currently thought to be polyphyletic.
B) The veins of their leaves form a netlike pattern.
C) They, along with the eudicots, magnoliids, and basal angiosperms, are currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta.
D) Each possesses multiple cotyledons.
E) They are in the clade that includes most of our crops, except the cereal grains.

Answer 33

C) They, along with the eudicots, magnoliids, and basal angiosperms, are currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta.

Question 34

Carpels and stamens are
A) sporophyte plants in their own right.
B) gametophyte plants in their own right.
C) gametes.
D) spores.
E) modified sporophylls.

Answer 34

E) modified sporophylls.

Question 35

Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?

A) Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation.
B) Carpels consist of anther and stamen.
C) Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes.
D) Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.
E) Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia.

Answer 35

D) Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.

Question 36

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

A) binary fission
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis
E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

Answer 36

B) mitosis

Question 37

Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of

A) two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells.
B) one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells.
C) two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs.
D) one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
E) one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell.

Answer 37

D) one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.

Question 38

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true?

1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated.
2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods.
3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods.
4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.
5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 5
C) 2 and 4
D) 2 and 5
E) 3 and 5

Answer 38

D) 2 and 5

Question 39

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

A) by nourishing the plants that make them
B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
C) by attracting insects to the pollen inside
D) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
E) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization

Answer 39

B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds

Question 40

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.

1. ovary
2. ovule
3. egg
4. carpel
5. embryo sac

A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
C) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2
D) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

Answer 40

E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

Question 41

Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms?

A) only one sperm nucleus
B) two sperm nuclei
C) the pollen tube
D) Two of the responses above are correct.

Answer 41

D) Two of the responses above are correct.

Question 42

Hypothetically, one of the major benefits of double fertilization in angiosperms is to:

A) decrease the potential for mutation by insulating the embryo with other cells.
B) increase the number of fertilization events and offspring produced.
C) promote diversity in flower shape and color.
D) coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores.
E) emphasize embryonic survival by increasing embryo size.

Answer 42

D) coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores.

Question 43

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

A) ovule
B) ovary
C) fruit
D) stamen

Answer 43

A) ovule

Question 44

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?

A) stigma
B) style
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) micropyle

Answer 44

D) ovary

Question 45

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

A) wind pollination
B) dominant gametophytes
C) fruits enclosing seeds
D) embryos enclosed within seed coats
E) sperm cells without flagella

Answer 45

C) fruits enclosing seeds

Question 46

In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg?

1. micropyle
2. style
3. ovary
4. stigma

A) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1
B) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1
C) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3
D) 1 → 3 → 4 → 2
E) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1

Answer 46

A) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1

Question 47

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that

A) prevent desiccation.
B) favor pollination.
C) foster seed dispersal.
D) decrease competition.
E) inhibit herbivory.

Answer 47

E) inhibit herbivory.

Question 48

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues?

A) It should be drab in color.
B) It should be colored so as to provide it with camouflage.
C) It should be nutritious.
D) It should secrete enzymes that can digest bark.
E) It should contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit.

Answer 48

C) It should be nutritious.

Question 49

Cutting down rain forests can lead to

A) decreased temperatures.
B) decreased rainfall.
C) decreased atmospheric carbon dioxide.
D) increased biodiversity.
E) more than one of these.

Answer 49

B) decreased rainfall.

Question 50

The cutting and burning of tropical rain forests leads to which of the following?

1. addition of CO2 to the atmosphere
2. decreased removal of CO2 from the atmosphere
3. greenhouse effect
4. global warming
5. decreasing sea level

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer 50

D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 51

Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods?

A) genetic engineering
B) artificial selection
C) natural selection
D) sexual selection
E) pesticide and herbicide application

Answer 51

B) artificial selection

Question 52

What is the greatest threat to plant diversity?

A) insects
B) grazing and browsing by animals
C) pathogenic fungi
D) competition with other plants
E) human population growth

Answer 52

E) human population growth

Question 53

A botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except:

A) observing which plants sick animals seek out.
B) observing which plants are the most used food plants.
C) observing which plants animals do not eat.
D) collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis.
E) asking local people which plants they use as medicine.

Answer 53

B) observing which plants are the most used food plants.