Chapter 34-Self Concept Flashcards
Define self concept
An individual’s view of self. It is subjective and involves a complex mixture of unconscious and conscious thoughts, attitudes, & perceptions.
-How a person THINKS about oneself & it directly affects self esteem
Self esteem is
How a person FEELS about oneself
The loss of bodily function, decline in activity tolerance, and difficulty managing a chronic illness are examples of situations that change a patient’s?
Self concept
In general young children tend to rate themselves higher than they rate other children, suggesting that?
Their view of themselves is positively inflated
Job satisfaction and overall performance in adulthood are also linked to?
Self-esteem
Self-expanding opportunities such as exploring new ideas, solving problems in creative ways, and learning new skills predict job satisfaction and commitment and promote?
Self-concept clarity and self-esteem
Sometimes when individuals lose a job, their sense of self diminishes, they lose motivation to be socially active, and they even become depressed. They lose their job identity, and this alters their self-perceptions and self-care practices. Establishing a stable sense of self that transcends relationships and situations is a developmental goal of?
Adulthood
Cultural variations in self-concept and self-esteem across the life span can impact?
Health behaviors
- in adolescent girls cultural pride and self-esteem serve as protective factors against risk behaviors, including intentions to have sexual intercourse
- Cultural identity of older adults is one of the major elements of self concept and a key aspect of self-esteem
How individuals view themselves and their perception of their health are closely related
- Lower self esteem is a risk factor that leaves one vulnerable to health problems, whereas higher self esteem and strong social relationships support good health
- a patient’s belief in personal health often enhances their self concept
- chronic illness often affects the ability to provide financial support & maintain relationships, which then affects an individuals self esteem and perceived roles w/in the family
- chronic illness affects identity and body image
Trust vs Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
- develops trust following consistency in caregiving and nurturing interactions
- Distinguishes self from environment
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- 1-3 years
- begins to communicate likes/dislikes
- increasingly independent in thoughts and actions
- appreciates body appearance and function (e.g dressing, feeding, talking, walking)
Initiative vs Guilt
- 3-6 years
- identifies w/a gender
- enhances self awareness
- increases language skills, including identification of feelings
Industry vs inferioritiy
- 6-12 years
- incorporates feedback from peers & teachers
- increases self esteem w/new skill mastery ( reading, mathematics, sports, music)
- aware of strengths and limitations
Identity vs role confusion
- 12-20 years
- accepts body changes/maturation
- examines attitudes, values, and beliefs; establishes goals for the future
- feels positive about expanded sense of self
Intimacy vs isolation
- Mid 20s to mid 40s
- has stable, positive feelings about self
- experiences successful role transitions and increased responsibilities
Generativity vs self absorption
- Mid 40s to mid 60s
- able to accept changes in appearance and physical endurance
- reassesses life goals
- shows contentment with aging
Ego integrity vs despair
- Late 60s to death
- feels positive about life and its meaning
- interested in providing a legacy for the next gerneration
Self esteem is often highest in?
Childhood, fluctuates during adolescence, gradually rises throughout adulthood, and either diminishes or increases again in old age, depending on self-concept clarity
Children often report high self-esteem because
Their sense of self is inflated by a variety of extremely positive sources, and periodic declines may be associated with shifts to more realistic information about the self
Adolescence is a time of marked maturational changes and shifting levels of self esteem that set the stage for
Rises in self concept in young adulthood
Erikson’s emphasis on the generativity stage explains the rise in self esteem and self concept in adulthood
The individual focuses on being increasingly productive and creative at work while at the same time promoting and guiding the next generation
On the basis of Erikson’s stages of development, a decline in self concept in later adulthood reflects a
Diminished need for self promotion and a shift in self concept to a more modest and balanced view of self
-many report a decline in self esteem in later adulthood caused in part by physical and emotional changes associated with aging, but older adults with self concept clarity demonstrate psychological well being
When aging is associated with deterioration of health, nursing interventions must focus on
Health behavior changes to promote self care and self concept
A positive self concept gives a sense of meaning, wholeness, and consistency to a person. A healthy self concept has a high degree of stability, which generates positive feelings towards self. The components of self concept are?
- identity
- body image
- role performance
Because how one THINKS about oneself (self concept) affects how one FEELS about oneself (self esteem), both concepts need to be evaluated
Identity involves
The internal sense of individuality, wholeness, and consistency of a person over time and in different situations. It implies being distinct and separate from others
Children learn culturally accepted values, behaviors, and roles through identification and modeling. They often gain an identity from?
Self-observations and from what individuals tell them
- an individual first identifies with parenting figures and later with other role models such as teachers or peers.
- relationships with parents, teachers, and peers have a unique and combined effects on young children’s general, academic, and social self-concept
- to form an identity, a child must be able to bring together learned behaviors and expectations into a coherent, consistent and unique whole
Body image involves
Attitudes related to the body, including physical appearance, structure, or function
- Feeling about body image include those related to sexuality, femininity and masculinity, youthfulness, health, and strength
- cognitive growth and physical development also affect body image
Cultural and societal attitudes and values influence body image
Culture and society dictate the accepted norms of body image and influence one’s attitudes
Body image issues are often associated with
impaired self concept and self esteem
Role performance is
They way in which individuals perceive their ability to carry out significant roles (parent, supervisor, partner, or close friend)
-normal changes associated with maturation result in changes in role performance (when man has child he becomes a father)
Fulfillment of role expectations leads to an
Enhanced sense of self
-difficulty or failure to meet role expectations leads to deficits and often contributes to decreased self-esteem or altered self concept
Self esteem is an
Individual’s overall feeling of self worth or the emotional appraisal of self concept
A self concept stressor
Is any real or perceived change that threatens identity, body image, or role performance.
- being able to successfully adapt to stressors is likely to lead to a positive sense of self, whereas failure to adapt often leads to a negative self-concept
Identity confusion results when
People do not maintain a clear, consistent, and continuous consciousness of personal identity
-inability to adapt to identity stressors can result in identity confusion regardless of stage of life
Altered self concept/self esteem stressors for identity
- Job loss
- Change in marital status
- Abuse or neglect
- Dependency on others
- Sexuality concerns
- Repeated failures
- Societal attitudes
- Conflict with others
Altered self concept/self esteem stressors for body image
- Stroke
- Colostomy
- Anorexia nervosa
- arthritis
- incontinence
- obesity
- multiple sclerosis
- amputation
- scarring
- aging
- pregnancy
- mastectomy
- rape
- assault
Altered self concept/self esteem stressors for role performance
- inability to balance career and family
- physical, emotional, or cognitive deficits preventing role assumption
- loss of satisfying role
- transition from school to work setting
- promotion or demotion
- changing work environment
- empty nest
- assuming responsibility for aging parent
Role conflict results when
A person has to simultaneously assume two or more roles that are inconsistent, contradictory, or mutually exclusice
The sick role involves
The expectations of others and society regarding how an individual behaves when sick
Role ambiguity involves
Unclear role expectations, which makes people unsure of what to do or how to do it, creating stress and confusion
-common in adolescent years (e.g. pressures for adolescents to assume adult like roles yet they lack the resources to do so)
Role strain
Combines role conflict and role ambiguity
-some express it as a feeling of frustration when a person feels inadequate or unsuited to a role such as providing care for a family member with Alzheimer’s disease
Role overload involves
Having more roles or responsibilities within a role than are manageable
- common in an individual who unsuccessfully attempts to meet the demands of work and family while carving out some personal time
- often during periods of illness or change, those involved either as the one who is ill or as a significant other find themselves in role overolad
Self esteem stressors in children
- Perceived inability to meet parenteral expectations
- harsh criticism
- inconsistent discipline
- unresolved sibling rivalry
reduce the level of self worth of children
Normal changes associated with maturation result in changes in role performance. The common stressors include?
- transition from school to work setting
- the physical, emotional, or cognitive deficits preventing role assumption
- death of a loved one creates an emotional deficit that may prevent a person from assuming his or her roles.
*Societal attitudes and dependency on others are related to identity
