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Economics > Chapter 34: Population > Flashcards

Chapter 34: Population Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Emigration

A

Act of leaving the country to live in another country

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3
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of births in a year per 1000 population in a year

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4
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths in a year per 1000 population in a year

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5
Q

Net immigration

A

More people coming to live in the country than people leaving the country to live elsewhere

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6
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 live births in a year

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7
Q

Net migration

A

The difference between immigration and emigration.

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8
Q

Population pyramid

A

A diagram showing the age and gender structure of a country’s population.

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9
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The proportion of the population that has to be supported by the labour force

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10
Q

Optimum population

A

The size of population which maximises the country’s output per head

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11
Q

Factors that affect population growth

A
  • Increase in net immigration
  • Birth rate exceeds death rate
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12
Q

Birth rate factors

A
  • Average age of population
  • Number of women in population
  • Women’s fertillity rate (average number of children per woman)
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13
Q

Death rate factors

A
  • Nutrition
  • Housing conditions
  • Medical care
  • Lifestyle
  • Working conditions
  • Involvement or non-involvement in military
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14
Q

The reasons for different rates of population growth

A
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15
Q

Reasons for high birth rate

A
  • Young averaged population where women marry young
  • High infant mortality rate
  • Women not well-educated
  • Women do not work and is cheap to raise children
  • Lack or disapproval of family planning
  • Government cash incentives to have children
  • Lack of government help to care for the sick and elderly
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16
Q

Reasons for low birth rate

A
  • Expensive to have children (Legal requirement for school, expectation for higher education)
  • Well paid jobs open to women
  • Government does provide state pension, sickness, and disability benefits
17
Q

Reasons for low death rate

A
  • Healthy diets
  • Good housing facilities
  • Access to high quality medical care
  • No smoking or alcohol
  • Regular exercise
  • Good working conditions
  • Country at peace
18
Q

Rate and pattern of net migration

A
  • Relative living standards at home and abroad
  • Persecution of particular group
  • ## Extent of control on movement of people
19
Q

Reasons for a larger women population

A
  • Women living longer
  • ## Higher male infant mortality rates
20
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Number in dependent age groups/Number of labour force x 100

21
Q

Overpopulated

A
  • May be considered overpopulated if there is a shortage of land, capital, and technical knowledge relative to the number of workers
  • Government may try to reduce the population
  • Government may try to increase investment
22
Q

Underpopulated

A
  • A country is under-populated if it does not have enough of human resources to make the best use of its resources
  • Government may encourage immigration
23
Q

Benefits of an increase in population

A
  • If underpopulated, country is able to make better use of their resources
  • Size of markets may increase giving firms greater economies of scale
  • Increase in factor mobility (Immigration, birth rate means industries can recruit new workers. They may be familiar with the methods lowering training and lowering costs)
  • Extra demand (Stimulate investment and lead to new techonology)
  • ## Rise in the labour force (Rise in dependency ratio in the short term but increase in labour force in the long term)
24
Q

Disadvantages of an increase in population

A
  • Concerns about famine
  • Restrictions on improvement of living standards (Resources would have to be used on provision of goods and services for the extra people)
  • Overcrowding
  • Enviornmental pressure
  • Pressure on employment opportunities
  • Balance of payment pressure (More dependants in the population may result in a rise in imports and some products may need to be diverted from the export to the home market.)
25
Q

Ways of reducing birth rate

A
  • Improvement of education and employment opportunities for women
  • Better information and increased availability of family planning
  • Improvement of healthcare and nutrition
  • Setting up pension and sickness insurance
  • Raise the cost of raising a child (Increase school leaving age)
  • Reduce or stop benefits to having a child
  • Make it illegal to have childrendf
26
Q

Consequences of ageing population

A
  • Rise in dependency ratio
  • A change in the labour force
  • Higher demand for healthcare
  • Greater need for welfare services
  • Rise in cost of state and private pensions
  • Change in the pattern of demand
27
Q

Coping with an ageing population

A
  • Raise the retirement age (reduces the cost of pensions and increase tax revenue) (Can increase their lifetime income and keep them healthy for a longer period)
  • Encourage or make it compulsory to save up for retirement
  • Raise the productivity of workers by education and training
  • Encourage immigration of young workers (Reduce dependency ratio in the SHORT TERM)
28
Q

Internal migration

A
  • Migrants may supply growing industries and result in a better allocation of resources
  • May also raise living standards in rural areas if initially there had
  • No guarantee that enough jobs will be available in urban areas
  • Overcrowding
  • Increased pressure on social capital
  • Congestion
29
Q

The effects of net emigration

A
  • The size of the working population is likely to be reduced (Most emigrants working age)
  • Bigger burden of dependency
  • Average age of labour force (Less mobility)
  • The gender distribution of the population may be affected. More men may emigrate than women.
  • Shortage of skilled workers
  • Underpopulated
  • Those who emigrate may send money home to help their relatives. This money is called workers’ remittances

Economics (26 decks)

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